neutrino, the tau neutrino, and the muon neutrino. An anti-neutrino particle has also been discovered. All are created as the result of particle decay. Neutrinos, born of decay, are given off as one particle deteriorates into a more stable state. Neutrinos are emitted in positron (another type of subnuclear particle) beta decay while the anti-neutrino is emitted from electron beta decay. As a pion decays into a muon, the muon neutrino emerges along side the muon. When a pion decays, a neutral particle
One of the current questions in physics is whether or not neutrinos have mass and what this mass is. Neutrinos are subatomic particles that have no electrical charge and interact only via the weak nuclear force. They are products of radioactive decay processes, and thus are produced abundantly in our Sun, our atmosphere, and in other astrophysical sources such as supernovae and active galactic nuclei. Millions and millions of them are crossing through the Earth every second, but only very few of
Cosmic rays originate from sources in outer space and strike every side of the Earth. Sources of cosmic rays include neutron stars, supernovae, quasars, black holes, and pulsars. Our sun is also capable of producing cosmic rays, but the cosmic rays which it produces contributes little when compared to the total amount of cosmic rays that reach the earth. In addition, the cosmic rays from our sun are typically much lower in energy compared to the cosmic rays that originate from the sources mentioned
GPUs and CPUs are used in a variety of computer systems. They can be used to even view the heavens. They are what enable us to send messages halfway across the world in a matter of milliseconds. They are the reason why science is as advanced as it is today. In modern society, teenagers rely on the CPU for the internet. It is a source of entertainment, social networking, homework help, and even sometimes friendships. Many adults use the GPU and CPU to write documents, to use email, paychecks, social
Cosmic rays are to scientists much like photons are to astronomers. Just as astronomers use light (or photons) to view our galaxy and beyond, scientists use cosmic rays to infer useful properties about our galaxy. In fact, cosmic rays offer one of the few ways in which scientists can actually sample real matter outside of our solar system. By identifying the various nuclei that are dispersed throughout our Galaxy, scientists hope to unravel the mechanisms that actually produce these nuclei -- from
leptons. Leptons consist of three flavors of charged particle and a neutral "neutrino" for each flavor of charged particle. Of these 6 lepton particles, only 4 are stable in the universe: electrons, electron neutrinos, muon neutrinos, and tau neutrinos. The other leptons, muons and taus, are more massive than their first generation cousin, the electons, and therefore will decay into a more stable state via the weak force. Quarks have two different types and three flavors of each type also. There
Teachers and student relationship plays an important role in education. In each culture, this relation articulates so different. In the oriental countries such as Vietnam, China, Korea, Japan, etc., this relation is also a measure of the value of human qualities. In the past, teachers played a central role in the Eastern classroom, but with the development of modern social and cultural exchanges between nations, the position of the teachers has been gradually changed. In terms of “power relation
impenetrability, results from the fact that the elec tron, being a fermion, obeys the Pauli exclusion principle. The electron is the lightest of a family of elementary particles, the leptons. The other known charged leptons are the muon and the tau. These three particles differ only in mass; they have the same spin, charge, strong interactions, and weak interactions. In a weak interaction a charged lepton is either unchanged or changed into and uncharged lepton, that is a neutri no
plugged into a computer and the only w... ... middle of paper ... ...rays work and we had never noticed before. That is why other tests are required to prove the hypothesis. Another such test would be to measure the magnetic properties of subatomic muon particles. Unfortunately even this would not prove we are living in a simulation. If we were living in a sufficiently advanced simulation that was built on a scale smaller than a planck length then it may be impossible to determine whether or not the
Dark Matter For centuries, physicists and philosophers alike have wondered what makes up our universe. Aristotle thought that all matter came in one of four forms: Earth, Air, Fire, and Water. Since then we have come a long way, with the discovery of the atoms and the subatomic particles they are made of. We can even guess at what makes up protons and neutrons. We have since then discovered and predicted the existence of particles other than the atom, such as the photon, neutrino, axion, and many
Albert Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity The theory of Special Relativity, written by Albert Einstein in 1905, describes the laws of motion at velocities close to and at the speed of light. It was written to make the laws of motion consistent with the laws of electromagnetism. Special relativity makes two postulates: the laws of physics are the same for all non-accelerating observers and the speed of light in a vacuum is constant, regardless of motion. One of the consequences of these
2.1 Introduction to Ionic Liquids Ionic liquids (ILs) are liquids composed entirely of ions. Molten salt is the term normally reserved for those systems that are liquid at high temperatures, for example NaCl (table salt is a liquid at ≈ 800 0C). Room-temperature ILs are liquid below 100˚C, have received considerable attention as substitutes for volatile organic solvents. Due to their remarkable properties, such as negligible vapour pressure, large liquidous range, high thermal stability, good ionic
Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse-Five and Breakfast of Champions Who would have ever thought the way a radioactive particle decays would relate to whether or not we have bad attitudes towards life? Who would have ever suspected that the structure of space-time would be so closely linked to whether or not we would marry rich wives? And who indeed would have ever expected that the properties of light might affect whether or not we go on homicidal rampages? Perhaps Kurt Vonnegut did. Could it
What exactly is Quark? Quark: a fermion which is believed to be one of the fundamental constituents of matter. All quarks have a fractional electric charge1. This pretty much means quarks have ½ spin (rotate two full rotations to get to place it started), apply to Pauli Exclusion Principle, is one of the things that make up all matter, and its electric charge is a fraction. There are three different colors of quark; red, green, and blue. The colors always up to white. Also there are three different