RAAS System The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) consists of a complex endocrine regulatory pathway and several less studied local autocrine/paracrine systems. RAAS is an important part of many pathologic conditions including hypertension, heart failure, and renal disease. The classical endocrine RAAS is activated predominantly by decrease in renal blood flow. This system works primarily through the heart, blood vessels, and Kidneys to regulate blood pressure; and controls water and electrolyte
Disturbances of Acid-Base Balance If an acid-base disturbance shifts the pH outside of the physiologic range, various control measures are activated to resist the change in pH. Compensatory mechanisms try to preserve the normal 20:1 ratio of bicarbonate to carbonic acid to keep the pH at normal range. The body works to maintain normal ratios through a compensation mechanism using renal and respiratory methods (Crowley, 2010). Metabolic Alkalosis Metabolic alkalosis is seen by an increase in the
What is Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia? Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) is an inherited condition that affects hormone production in the adrenal gland. The individual lacks enzymes to make cortisol, and hormones are instead are shifted away to make other hormones, specifically androgens. This results in the deficiency of cortisol and the abundance of testosterone. There are 2 types of CAH; classical and non-classical CAH. Classical CAH is the severe form of which there are 2 subtypes, salt-wasting
Adrenal Glands Identification and description of organs which make up the endocrine system The human body comprises of organ systems which distinct but work together as a coordinated single unit (Marieb & Hoehn 1-35). This paper will single out the endocrine system because discussing the organ system in entirety is beyond the scope of this assignment. The adrenaline glands form part and parcel of the endocrine system, thus, the relevance of the topic. The endocrine glands comprise glands which
metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, and helping to maintain proper arousal of sense of well being. The amount of cortisol is precisely balanced and regulated by the brain’s hypothalamus. Aldosterone is in a class of hormones called mineralocorticoids which is also produced by the adrenal glands. The main functions of aldosterone are to help to maintain blood pressure and helping the kidneys retain needed sodium and excrete unwanted potassium to maintain the balance of water and salt in the
Practice Guidelines Committee of the Spanish Society of Cardiology. Vol. 65, Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition). 2012. 28. Pitt B, Ao J, Ferreira P, Zannad F. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in patients with heart failure: current experience and future perspectives. 29. Yang J, Young MJ. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists—pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic differences. Curr Opin Pharmacol.
Steroids and their functions Do you know how many steroids are on earth today? Well there are numerous types of steroids. There are Anabolic steroids, Anadrol steroids, Halotestin steroids, but the two steroids present in your body are Corticosteroids and Anabolic steroids, which was said once before. There are many pros and cons that come upon when taking steroids such as high blood pressure, and different medical help as the cons. The pros are taking it for sports and weight training which gives
Stress and memory We are used to think that stress has only negative effect on our productivity, health and cognitive functions and there could be no advantages of being stressed. But there are no just disadvantages of stress because there are 2 types of stress, which have different effect on our body and mental health: chronic stress and acute stress. Chronic stress is usually associated in our everyday life with “being stressed” and has negative influence, while acute stress might have both positive
Abstract Exposure to early changes of parental care during development can create a vulnerability to stressful events in the future. Studies have researched how an altered hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis can derive from tainted parental conditions before maturity. The study examined the effects of parental rearing on Glucocorticoid Receptor (GCR) expression of zebra finch offspring. Twelve offspring were stress-induced during their development to study the effects of parental rearing on
INTRODUCTION The dental practice nowadays is completely different how it was long time ago , this difference is because of the different type of disease that we are facing now in the dental practice and also for the different types of treatments that they found for the different medical problems . Because of the increasing number of the elderly patients that are attending to the dental clinics seeking for dental treatment , is very important to know if they have any medical problem or no , because
Vitamin D and its role in cardiovascular disease Vitamin D has been established as an antirachitic for over 80 years and its effects on calcium and bone metabolism have been the main focus for the majority of its research years. Despite the countless medical advances of recent years, there has been a resurgence of vitamin D deficiency around the globe. Largely due to insufficient sunlight exposure, many individuals nowadays are suffering from cardiovascular diseases which could be attributed to hypovitaminosis
Performance enhancement drugs first came about hundred of years ago. They were first developed by the Incase of Peru in which they were to be used by soldiers to give them energy when fighting in battles. This source of energy came from burned leaves of coca trees. Today, 100 years later those same burned coca leaves are still used as a way of giving a person energy, but is now commonly known as cocaine. Many incidents related to PED’s have been recorded, but the first “recorded” drug related death
Two of these 14 main components of homeostasis are feedback loops. Feedback loops are loop systems that make the body respond to a disturbance in its delicate balance of its major processes and hormones, or otherwise known as perturbation and the body’s ability to respond in either the same or different direction called positive and negative feedback loops respectively. Positive and negative feedback loops are an essential part of the process of homeostasis due to the feedback loops being the actual
In an article by Michael Gonchar it said, “Lance Armstrong was stripped of his seven Tour de France titles last week after the International Cycling Union decided that he was a ringleader of a doping program on his winning cycling team. Armstrong was a heroic figure for many, not just because of his cycling feats, but also because he is a cancer survivor and the founder of the highly respected Livestrong cancer foundation,” (Gonchar). Many children when beginning a sport have an idol they look up
Introduction Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) closely parallel the obesity and insulin resistance epidemic. Current U.S. estimates project 70 million obese adults and an additional 70 million with hypertension and/or type II diabetes (28, 42, 45). More so, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), suggest a graded and continuous relationship exists between prevalent hypertension and increasing body mass index (BMI); a metric that is closely associated