Maxwell’s Equations are a set of four equations that govern all of electromagnetism. The equations show a unification of the electric and magnetic fields and are often considered one of the greatest unifications in physics, describing one of the four fundamental interactions, the electromagnetic force. The unification of the electric and magnetic forces in the 19th century by Maxwell’s Equations led to several scientific advancements – including an entire new branch of physics, electromagnetism
been possible without the mathematical equations first described by James Maxwell." -Albert Einstein GRAPH James Clerk Maxwell may not be a household name when it comes to scientists, but his contributions to the field ranks him with some of the great scientists of all time.He is mainly known for his ground breaking work in electromagnetics, spurring a field that has given rise to many of the great accomplishments of the twentieth century.His equations, which relate the effects of electricity
special relativity, which stems from the two aforementioned postulates. The problem begins with the applications of Maxwell’s equations for the static and nonstatic cases. While Maxwell’s equations are symmetric for stationary bodies, asymmetries arise in the electrodynamic equations. Looking at the example of motion in a magnet and a conductor, Einstein explains that the equations depend only on the relative motion between the two (1). Whereas the previous models heavily depended on which component
that is fixed to a capacitor. As a magnetic field fluctuates across a conductor it causes charges to move. This motion causes an electro magnetic wave. The relations between the electricity and magnetism are explained by Maxwell's equations. Maxwell's equations are four equations that relate magnetic fields electric fields and charges and current. A radio wave is an electro magnetic wave. We modulate them using three different modulations, frequency modulation, amplitude modulation, and pulse modulation
when a German physicist, Heinrich Hertz, was testing Maxwell’s Theory of Electromagnetic Waves. Hertz discovered that ultraviolet light discharged certain electrically charged metallic plates, a phenomenon that could not be explained by Maxwell’s Wave Theory. In order to explain this phenomenon termed the photoelectric effect, because both light and electricity are involved, the Quantum Theory was developed. The Photoelectric Effect Maxwell’s work with the Theory of Electromagnetic Waves may seem
Helmholtz as his assistant. In 1883, Hertz moved to Kiel to lecture in physics. He began his studies of the recent electromagnetic theory of James Clerk Maxwell. Maxwell's theory had been based on unusual mechanical ideas about the luminiferous ether. and had not been universally accepted. In 1884, Hertz rederived Maxwell's equations by a new method, casting them in modern form without assumption of ether. However, the lack of a proper laboratory there caused him to take up the position of
complex. Depend on the past experiences on fiber optic sensor, it was difficult to obtain high reliability and accuracy. Besides, the detection accuracy may decrease due to chromatic dispersion that exists in fiber optic SPR sensors. By using Maxwell’s equation, theoretical analysis of the sensing mechanism and calculation algorithms of all configurations were obtained [18, 19]. Recently, theoretical analysis on effect of the propagation of skew ray which occupies the most part of light beam in fiber
the applicability of the proposed designs we calculated various parameters to analyse the buffering capacity of the proposed PC waveguide. Chapter 2 gives a theoretical introduction to the properties of photonic crystals starting with Maxwell's equations. These equations are cast as a linear Hermitian eigenvalue problem, a form in which many useful properties become apparent. The photonic crystal properties are then described by the characteristic photonic band structure or dispersion diagram representing
Physics of Microwaves Microwaves are used in our everyday lives but most most people don't realize that physics plays a large and important part in the simple household item. Whenever we heat our food we are oblivious to the forces that cause such a thing to occur and we don't fully understand what happens in front of our eyes and how our food really gets heated in such a simple and efficient way. The first thing people need to understand is that microwaves are actually electromagnetic waves. Wavelengths
Maria Goeppert Mayer was born on June 18, 1906 in Katowice, Poland. Mayer has made numerous contributions to the field of physics. Not only was she the first person to investigate the phenomenon of double quantum emission and double beta decay; She was also the first person to work out the atomic properties of transuranic elements as well. She was a member of the National Academy of Sciences and a corresponding member of the Akademie der Wissenschaften in Heidelberg. Mayer received honorary degrees
Life Cycle Cost: The life cycle cost(LCC) of an induction motor involves the total purchasing price , installation and operating cost, maintenance and disposal cost of that motor. When used as a tool to compare design alternatives or possible repair, the LCC method show the most effective solution in terms of cost in the range of necessary data is available The constituents of the life cycle cost analysis typically consist initial costs, installation and operation costs, refurbishment and disposal
high frequency to extremely high frequency. The microwave was discovered by Heinrich Hertz and predicted by James Clerk Maxwell. In 1864, James Clerk Maxwell theorized about microwaves until he predicted equations that would prove the existence of microwaves. In 1888, Heinrich Hertz took these equations and used them in an experiment. He made an apparatus that produced waves and detected these waves. The experiment displayed the different wavelengths of certain waves, such as the short wavelength of
Photonic Band Gap Materials:  A little history behind Photonic Band Gap materials (PBG)? In 1987, an American physicist and engineer named Eli Yablonovitch and Canadian physics professor from the University of Toronto Canada, Sajeev John constructed artificial structures that then became the concept of PBG material. In order to evaluate this concept they created a 3D prototype diamond lattice in Plexiglas, which is a type of acrylic glass material. With this creation they were able
Physics is in every area of life from the starry skies we see at night to the cells inside our bodies. Even what might appear to be the simplest thing is actually very complex when one looks at the details. Physics helps us understand the basics of how life operates. Microwave ovens are often used to reheat left over food, cook TV dinners and frozen foods, and to quickly heat food but is seldom recognized and understood by those who use them. People typically don’t know how a microwave oven operates
1) How does Radiation affect communication between the spacecraft and mission control? To answer this question we must first ask what space radiation is. Space radiation is energy that flows through space. This flow of energy can be in the form of waves such as light from the sun or in the form of particles such as electrons, protons and elements in the Periodic table. A form of electromagnetic energy includes sunlight and has a high amount of radiation which is produced by a sun. Electromagnetic
density Jx is in the +x-direction. In the steady state, when the forces qEz and qvdBy are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, This confirms that when q is positive, Ez is negative. The current density Jx is Eliminating vd between these equations, we find (T10.1) Note that this result (as well as the entire derivation) is valid for both positive and negative q. When q is negative, Ez is positive, and conversely. We can measure Jx , By , and Ez, so we can compute the product nq. In both metals
Functions of some active and passive components of GSM base station such as transceiver (TRx), power amplifiers (PA), combiners, duplexers, antennas, alarm extension system, control function, base-band receiver (BBxx), signal DSP, main distribution board, rectifier and Environmental Monitoring Unit (EMU) are discussed in [20]. Other components discussed are DC ventilation system, air conditional, generators, BTS cabinet, transmission rack, microwave antenna, aviation light, and optical fibre/coaxial
Abstarct: In this paper we get an overview of the dielectric resonator antenna which replaced the simple form of antennas that were being used for the past ten years. These dielectric antenna have been of a great importance to the research work in antenna field as these have a great dielectric constant and higher Q factor than the other isotropic or directive antennas. Earlier these antennas were considered to be energy storage devices but in this paper we have made use of the DRA antennas as radiators
Research Paper: Faraday’s Discoveries: Michael Faraday was the man behind the discovery of electromagnetic induction. Electromagnetic induction is the creation of an electric current by using a magnetic field. Faraday’s first experiment was set up by coiling to separate lengths of copper wire around a wooden block. The two coils had to be separated he did this with thread. One of the coils was connected to a galvanometer (an instrument used to detect small electrical currents), while the second coil
The nineteenth century was a very prolific era of discovery in electrical knowledge and technologies that laid the foundation for modern electrical communication. During this period of time the foundations of modern electrically based technologies were discovered. The nineteenth century began with a debate between Luigi Galvani, and Alessandro Volta regarding the source of electricity in Galvani’s famous frog experiment. These debates lead to the invention of the battery by Volta, and the invention