solute which flows through, but does not pass through the membrane is released as retentate (concentrate). The solution that passes through the membrane is known as permeate, which is shown Figure 1. This figure demonstrates the basic structure of a hollow membrane where the feed of the material you want to separate enters, and where the permeate (ultrafiltrate), and retentate exits. In different industrial processes one may want to retain the permeate, retentate, or combination of both. Mass Balance
VD = 318.82886 kg/hr *Equation of Top Operating Line y = (L/V)x + (1-(L/V))xD = (RACT / RACT +1)x + (1/ RACT +1)(0.97) = 0.912779x + 0.084605 *Distillate Rate R = (V-D)/D = 10.4651 318.82886 (kg/hr) - D = 10.4651D D = 27.808642 (kg/hr) R = L/D = 10.4651 * 27.808642 (kg/hr) = L L = 291.02022 (kg/hr) *Bottoms Flow Rate L/V = R (z -xB) + q (xD - xB) R(z -xB) + q(xD-xB) -(xD-z) z= Feed mole fraction of ethanol q= 1 (feed assumes to be liquid) L/V = 10.4651(0
Theory and Technical Background Uni-Minn Development Corporation was asked to design a filtration system capable of filtering 500 gallons per hour of a slurry solution containing four percent Celite-500 (17.3 μm particle diameter) by mass. The scaled up filtration system is to be of rotary drum type, and capable of continuous operation. Two days of bench-scale testing were performed in the Uni-Minn Development Corporation’s Unit Operations Laboratory to determine the necessary parameters for
of three variables, air flow rate, air temperature, and water flow rate, on cooling ability of a slatted, counter-current cooling tower. Additionally, the three variables will be compared based on the closure of a water mass balance and energy balance of the cooling tower. In a slatted, counter-current cooling tower, warm water enters the top of the tower and flows down a series of slatted inserts inside of tower. An air source is introduced at the base of tower, which flows up the tower. As the air
The sediment flux in the rill can then be multiplied by the number of rills to give the total sediment flux for the slope. While it is possible for the actual sediment concentration (C) in the flow to equal Cmax, it is usually lower than Cmax by an amount depending on the strength of the soil matrix (β). The erodibility parameter (β) can be defined from the relationship, C= Cβmax β can be evaluated from, β=
Nozzle A nozzle is often a pipe or tube of varying cross sectional area, and it can be used to direct or modify the flow of a fluid (liquid or gas). Nozzles are frequently used to control the rate of flow, speed, direction, mass, shape, and/or the pressure of the stream that emerges from them. In nozzle velocity of fluid increases on the expense of its pressure energy with decreasing pressure. Nozzle have many types and each of them has special uses. The nozzle types are high velocity, propelling
shear stress on the adjacent lower layer while the lower layer causes a shear stress on the adjacent top layer. So the viscosity is a measure of the internal fluid friction which causes resistance to flow. It is primarily due to cohesion and molecular momentum exchange between fluid layers and as flow occurs, these effects appear shearing stresses between the moving layers of fluid. An ideal fluid has no viscosity. There is no fluid which can be classified as a perfectly ideal fluid. However, the
non-Newtonian fluid, the relation between the shear stress and the shear rate is different. Many salt solutions and molten polymers are non-Newtonian fluids such as custard, ketchup, blood, paint, and shampoo. Nakamura et al. [13] studied the laminar steady flow of non-Newtonian (bi-viscosity fluid) through an axi-symmetric stenosis. It is found that the non-Newtonian property of blood reduces the pressure, deformation of flow pattern and shear stress at the wall connected with the stenosis and also
The melt flow index (MFI) is a measure of the ease of flow of the melt of a thermoplastic polymer. It is defined as the mass of polymer, in grams, flowing in ten minutes through a capillary of a specific diameter and length by a pressure applied via prescribed alternative gravimetric weights for alternative prescribed temperatures.Polymer processors usually correlate the value of MFI with the polymer grade that they have to choose for different processes, and most often this value is not accompanied
43055 mmol / gm 14 LPH 3 Table-9: Orange peels Carbon (6 g). LMTZ (Length of Mass Transfer Zone) CO2 capture capacity (Breakthrough adsorption capacity) Gas Flow rate, LPH Sr. No. 4.5cm 2.0667 mmol /gm 10 LPH 1 3.292 cm 3.844 mmol / gm 12 LPH 2 3.7674 cm 4.485 mmol / gm 14 LPH 3 Table-10: Orange peels Carbon (7 g). LMTZ (Length of Mass Transfer Zone) CO2 capture capacity (Breakthrough adsorption capacity) Gas Flow rate, LPH Sr. No. 3.52 cm 3.45428 mmol / gm 10 LPH 1 5.333cm 1.7 mmol / gm 12 LPH
relationship 1. Pressure drop and boil-up rate As seen from graph 2, pressure drop increases as the boil-up rate increases. The reflux ratio is kept constant so the liquid flowing down has uniform flow and only the power input to the reboiler can be adjusted. The boil-up rate is obtained by varying the heat energy to the reboiler and this affects the velocity of the vapour passing up the column. As the velocity of the vapour passing up the column increases, the vapour flow will generate more pressure drop
the metallurgical process of continuous steel slab casting in terms of fluid flow, heat and mass transfers in the manufacture production. Finally, this paper reviews the physical and mathematical modelling in physical experiment and mathematical models, which has been used to study in the process. Keywords: Continuous Casting, Steel, Slab, Physical Modelling, Tundish, Mathematical Modelling, Fluid Flow, Heat Transfer, Mass Transfer, Instruction, Report 1. Introduction Continuous casting is a casting
Capillary Liquid Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry What is Chromatography? Chromatography is the technical term for a set of laboratory approaches for the separation of mixtures (Solid/Liquid/Gas). The mixture is dissolved in a fluid which called the mobile phase, which carries it through a structure holding another material known as the stationary phase. The various constituents of the mixture transport at different velocities, causing them to separate. The separation is mainly based on differential
4.1 Propeller selection The selection of the right propeller properties is mainly revolved around the hexacopter frame and weight. Three characteristics are to be considered: • Material • Pitch • Diameter The available material for the propellers in the market consists of three main choices: nylon, plastic and carbon fiber. Carbon fiber is the most expensive. However, carbon fiber propellers are more reasonably priced. The other two factors deserve bigger attention. 4.2 Propeller dynamics
Recorded the volume of water used. Filled the collection tank until the red float rose and added at least 200 mL more. Plugged the unit in and pump turned on. Adjusted the black 4-headed knob until the water flow was below the lip of the spiral funnel. Prepared a 500 gram sample and two 1000 gram samples of 10% magnetite and 90% sand. Used a graduated cylinder, determined the specific gravity of both magnetite and sand. Added one of the 1000 gram dry samples
level rise occurring as a direct result of the melting. The observations of ice melting also show that the rate at which the ice is melting is accelerating. Mountain glaciers around the world are also on the retreat. Some instances of particular mountain glaciers may show expansion, but studies done by glaciologists show that the total mass of glaciers worldwide is decreasing at an accelerating rate. These studies have been done by a number of different methods that all show a trend in the same direction
The Greenland ice sheet is the second largest ice mass on Earth and is about one-tenth the volume of the Antarctic ice sheet. It is the only significant ice mass in the Arctic today. [ See Antarctica and Climate Change ; and Ice Sheets .] It is an ice-age relict that overlies a bowl-shaped continent almost completely fringed by coastal mountains. PHYSICAL-GEOGRAPHIC SETTING The ice sheet extends from about 60° to 83°N over a distance of 2,400 km in the North Atlantic Ocean. The ice sheet covers
discussed above is designed for the one dimensional fluid flow. 2.9 Types of Fluid Some types of fluid are given below 2.9.1 Newtonian Fluid Newtonian fluids are labeled after Isaac Newton, who first proposed the relation between the shear strain rate and the shear stress for fluids in differential form. Real fluids in which the viscous stresses are arising from the flow, at every point, are linearly proportional to the local strain rate (the rate of change of deformation over time) are known as Newtonian
silica sand (size range 0.5 to 1.0 mm) to a depth of between 0.6 and 1.0 m. The water flows downwards and solids become concentrated in the upper layers of the bed. Treated water is collected via nozzles in the floor of the filter. The accumulated solids are removed periodically by backwashing with treated water, usually preceded by scouring of the sand with air. Frequency of backwashing depends on loading rate and raw water quality and is typically every 24 hours. Backwashing can be initiated automatically
means that we know that energy is conserved because of many repeated experiments by scientists. It's been observed that you can't get any more energy out of a system than you put into it. Latent heat Latent Heat is defined as the heat which flows to or from a material without a change to temperature. The heat will only change the structure or phase of the material. E.g. melting or boiling of pure materials. One very good illustration of latent heat in action is observed when we reduce