Psychoneuroimmunology and Natural Healing by the Brain After having studied the placebo effect for our last paper, I was greatly intrigued by its' importance in understanding health and implications for the connection of mind and body. As I acknowledged in my previous paper, the placebo effect is often documented in a scientific study, yet is considered to be something not completely understood and therefore deemed unreliable by the medical community. However, what I found from my research was
Multiple Sclerosis: The Role of Cytokines and Therapeutic Applications Abstract: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune neurological disease that debilitates an estimated 2.3 million people worldwide (“What is MS,” n.d.). With no identifiable cause and a cure yet to be discovered, emphasis must be placed on advancing treatments and therapies. Although its pathogenesis is not completely understood, researchers are well aware that the immune response during MS revolves around inflammatory
key element of the cell signaling process and mediate communication among cells. Cytokines are a type of small proteins released by cells that have an effect on the behavior of other cells. There are several different types of cytokines including interleukins, interferons, and tumour necrosis factor. Many different types of cells can produce cytokines, such as immune cells like macrophages, mast cells, and B lymphoctyes. Cytokines are especially important in the immune system because they help coordinate
the relative simplicity of Mendelian genetics, but is rather rooted in multiple genes, such as Interleukin-13 (IL-13), and specific environmental exposures such as air pollution. The IL-13 gene is one of several hundred candidate genes which are segments of DNA believed to contain nucleotide sequences affecting the asthma phenotype. The IL-13 gene is mostly expressed in T Helper cell 2 (TH2) as Interleukin-13 cytokines, operating through IL-13R (a heterodimer of IL-4Rα and IL-13Rα1) (4, 11, 6). These
Sepsis is defined as an exaggerated, overwhelming and uncontrolled systemic inflammatory response to an initially localised infection or tissue injury, which may lead to severe sepsis and septic shock if left untreated (Daniels, 2009; Robson & Daniels, 2013; Dellinger et al, 2013; Perman, Goyal & Gaieski, 2012; Vanzant & Schmelzer, 2011). Septic shock can be classified by acute circulatory failure as a result of massive vasodilation, increased capillary permeability and decreased vascular resistance
Most of the time nonspecific defenses keep pathogens from getting into the body. Sometimes one can break through and cause a disease. This is where the immune system comes into use. The immune system is the body's third line of defense. It is a network of several tissues and white blood cells. The tissues of the immune system are bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and adenoids. The white blood cells of the immune system are called lymphocytes (Postlethwait Hopson, Modern Biology)
Cardiovascular disease is currently the leading cause of death in the United States. It is responsible for one in four deaths every year, about 600,000 mortalities. This disease affects men and women, as well as every ethnic group. Coronary artery disease is the most common cardiovascular disease, representing approximately 400,000 deaths per year of the aforementioned 600,000 total deaths from cardiovascular diseases as a whole. In 2010 alone, coronary artery disease cost the United States $108
Introduction Respiratory disorder mostly affect the upper or the lower respiratory tract, however bacterial or viral infection are the causative agent and the disease is common in all ages. In addition, the lungs and the bronchi can also be affected causing inflammation and obstruction of the airflow resulting to wheezing, chest tightness, stridor, low grade fever, cough, and hemoptysis due severe damage to the lung tissues. Some common disease condition of the respiratory system are pneumonia,
Lymphatic Disorder Castllesman’s Disease CD In most cases, Castleman’s disease is characterized by a single, solid growth within lymphatic tissue in the chest, stomach, or neck. The growths may also occur in other lymphatic tissue throughout the body. Castelman’s Disease is not cancer, but, a lymphoproliferative disorder. It is a condition resembling lymphoma but without recognizable malignant cells. It shows as isolated masses of lymphoid tissue and lymph node hyperplasia, usually in the abdominal
Shahed Al Massri 250 572 285 Dr. Torchia Take Home Exam November 4th, 2014 Question 1 Epigenetic inheritance is defined as the regulatory information passed down from parent to offspring without any changes in the underlying DNA sequence. This process can involve various modifications of histones as well as DNA itself. These types of alterations include acetylation, methylation and phosphorylation. Such changes can regulate expression through a variety of different mechanisms, including
Crohn’s Disease Introduction According to the Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation of America (CCFA), it was “[(n)amed] after Dr. Burrill B. Crohn, who first described the disease in 1932 along with colleagues Dr. Leo Ginzburg and Dr. Gordon D. Oppenheimer”. Crohn’s disease is a disorder involving the gastrointestinal tract and is categorized under the category of inflammatory bowl diseases (IBD) along with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and ulcerative colitis. According to Huftless in Pharmacologic
been related it as one of the most important cytokines that participates in ischemic brain injury (Loddick [minami, Yamasaki]. One of the clinical strategies that has been developed to minimize the IL-1 neuronal damage is the administration of Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra). Animal models has shown that ÌL-1ra is responsible to block all actions of IL-1 and to reduce the damages caused by brain trauma, cerebral ischemia and neurotoxin infusions (rothwell). In this clinical trial (emsley)
The purpose of going to the gym is universal for everyone: attain positive results. The lack of options at the gym can be a factor which discourages consumers from attending regularly. Now, there are hundreds of different ways to work out. Scientists have researched the possibilities, and have realized group fitness is a very effective form of exercise. The idea that exercising in a group creates life changing results has provided the foundation for many major fitness companies: Les Mills™, Zumba®
in several cell types in SSc patients and African American (AA) donors. It is believed that healthy AA donor’s monocytes have similar characteristics to SSc patients’ monocytes. High levels of Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGFβ), Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and Interleukin-13 (IL-13) levels are responsible for the decreasing of PPAR-ᵞ expression in monocytes isolated from SSc patients and healthy AA donors. Caveolin-1inhibits pro-fibrotic monocytes functions by up-regulation of PPAR-ᵞ and inhibition
To stop the blood flow after damage, body uses three ways to maintain hemostasis; vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation. Coagulation is an important process to prevent loss of blood when blood vessels are cut or damaged. Blood clot is a plug of platelet reinforce with the mesh of fibrin. However, a person with Disseminated intravascular coagulation, DIC, the blood clots have formed throughout the blood vessels when does not necessary. It leads to organ damages due to blocked blood
~ In the 17th century, Galileo inferred that there was a relationship between mechanical forces and bone morphology, when he noted that body weight and activity were, related to bone size. ~ Julius Wolff ~ In 1892, ~ his Magnum Opus "The law of transformation of the bone" was, published. There were only a few early pioneers in the field of bone adaption, and then a publication, which came from an East Prussian surgeon from the “Friedrich-Wilhelms University to Berlin” (Charité institute 2014).
Introduction Good afternoon everyone and welcome to this week’s meeting of Haematology for Humans. The topic we will be discussing today is Thrombocytopenia. Thrombocytopenia (a low platelet count) can affect anyone of you here today which makes it a significant issue in community health. Thrombocytes or platelets are small fragments made during the process of thrombopoiesis. This process can sometimes be disrupted or damaged in conditions such as Cancer, Autoimmune disorder or clotting disease to
Proceedings, (31),789. Lin, Andrew, Cathy Huang, and Kendrick Ong. (2001). Type I AutoImmune Diabetes. Diabetes & Gene Therapy. July 21, 2005: http://dragon.zoo.utoronto.ca/~jlm2001/J01T0301B/index.html Nitta, Y., et al. (1998). Systemic Delivery of Interleukin 10 by Intramuscular Injection of Expression Plasmid DNA Prevents Autoimmune Diabetes in Nonobese Diabetic Mice. Human Gene Therapy, (9), 1701-1707. Rudolph, Frederick B., et al. (1996). Biotechnology: Science, Engineering, and Ethical Challenges
Inflammation could be defined as a medium by which the body tissues respond to all sorts of injury (Roitt, 1997). It is a defence mechanism against infection from injuries. Physical stimuli such as change in temperature, UV radiation, or skin irritation may cause release of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines that ensure the immune system provide suitable defence, chemokine that bring leukocytes to the inflammation site, eicosanoids, neuropeptides, etc. Inflammation could be acute or chronic
Review the mechanisms by which endothelial cells contribute to inflammation in key diseases The endothelium is a cell layer that is lined on the interior surface of lymphatic vessels and blood vessels, which are made up of endothelial cells (Dorland, 2012). The endothelial cells in direct contact with blood cells are called vascular endothelial cells while those in contact with lymph are called lymphatic endothelial cells. Besides regulating hemostasis, endothelial cells also possess important functions