Indium (In) This element was discovered by the Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymus Theodor Richter in 1863. These two scientists were looking for traces of Thallium in zinc ore samples. An indigo line in the samples spectrum was found, and no element known had this colour in them it revealed the existence of a new element which was called Indium due to the bright coloured line in its spectrum. Characteristics Atomic Mass: 114.818 Melting Point: 429.75 K (156.60 C) Boiling Point: 2345 K (2072 C) Density:
October 22, 2004 wasn’t a particularly special day for Andre Geim and his colleague Kostyz Novoselov. Previously, a student had tried to separate graphite into ten or even one hundred layers but only succeeded in obtaining a specimen of one thousand layers. Then Geim had the brilliant idea of using Scotch tape to peel off individual layers of graphite. Geim and Kostyz took pieces of tape and manually separated the graphite until one layer remained (Lucibella 2). After hours of work and several pieces
role of bronze in many civilisations as it was more durable and harder than bronze. 3. Although Aluminium is the most abundant metal in the Earth, it... ... middle of paper ... ...rformance aircraft as it has an extremely low rate of corrosion. Indium can also be used in the coating of mirrors as it creates the same quality mirrors as silver but it is considered to be more resistant to atmospheric corrosion. Titanium Titanium is a well known metal that has only recently begun to be used in the
Nuclear medicine is the use of radioactive substances in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. Nuclear medicine records the radiation that is emitting from the body, unlike x-rays which determine the radiation emitted by external objects. Nuclear medicine scans show the function of anatomy and are known as a physiological imaging modality. The two most common forms of nuclear medicine are “SPECT” single photon emission computed tomography and “PET” positron emission tomography. In nuclear medicine
Anomaly #1 By following the atomic radius trend on the periodic table, one would assume that hydrogen would have a greater atomic radius than helium. This notion would coincide with the ionization energy trend as well, since helium should have a higher attraction to its own electrons, according to ionization energy principles. Helium’s higher ionization energy would suggest a smaller size than hydrogen’s due to hydrogen having a lower ionization energy level. But, as shown on the “Atomic Radius
significant improvement in electrochemical performance [119]. Indium-tin oxide nanowire is known to possess excellent electrical properties and thermal stability [120, 121] which allows great applications in the field of electronics. On top of that, titanium was chosen as current collector owing to its well-known excellent mechanical, chemical and thermal stability as well as abundance in the Earth’s crust. In this study, we first prepared indium-tin oxide nanowires (ITO NWs) by chemical vapor deposition
The effect of alloying elements on aluminium alloy sacrificial anode was also studied and it was found that the alloying element which have large potential difference from aluminium resulted in alloys with potentials more anodic than unalloyed aluminium. Mercury, the potential of which differs most greatly from that of aluminium, caused a maximum effect on aluminium potential. Effect of some alloying elements on aluminium alloy as sacrificial anode is given below: 1. Magnesium: The solubility of
Introduction The word “commodity” is a term that means “an economic good” (Britannica, 2012) which can be either a product or a service that can be traded or exchanged. Commodities vary in their type, value, benefits, and quality. Of the numerous average commodities that exist throughout the globe, commodities holding greater values also have their own ranking as being precious commodities. Such precious commodities include gold, a precious metal that had been highly valued since ancient times and
Solar Panel Solar panel is the interconnection of number of solar module to get efficient power. Solar panel is made up of solar cells. Earlier solar cells are of low efficiency and large in size but now a day very high efficient solar cells are available. Solar cell prize much higher, it is difficult to afford solar energy. Solar Cell: Solar cell is a photovoltaic device that converts light energy into electrical energy based on the principles of photovoltic effect. History: First time solar
The Structure of the Atom [IMAGE] Basic Atomic Particles : Atoms are made up of the following particles : Protons : Protons are positively charged particles with a mass of one atomic mass unit. They are found in the nucleus at the centre of the atom structure. Neutrons : Neutrons are not charged and have a mass of one atomic mass unit. They are found, with protons at the centre of the atom. Electrons : Electrons are negatively charged particles with a mass of 1/1846th of an
cells is Silicon, there are many more elements that are used in inorganic photovoltaic cells. There is monocrystalline, polycrystalline, amorphous, and microcrystalline Si, the III-V compounds and alloys, CdTe, and the chalcopyrite compound, copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS). These photovoltaic cells are built for large scale power generations. All of these semiconductors have energy band gaps between 1.1-1.7 eV. The use of Crystalline Si cells have continued to increase, but the polycrystalline
Non-renewable energy sources such as fossil fuels and nuclear ores have a rate of replenishment on the order of millions of years. These are currently being used at a rate significantly greater than that of replenishment. Consequently, there is a finite reserve of non-renewable energy sources, and once these reserves have been emptied, alternative sources of energy must be used. Renewable energy sources replenish at a rate greater than they are consumed. Renewable energy sources include solar energy
Kareem is a talented undergraduate student who I have had the privilege of working with in nuclear science research over the past year. We have worked on two separate neutron activation analysis projects together. He has also taken my upper level course in Nuclear and Particle Physics (UTPA course # PHYS 4309) with honors during the fall semester of 2013 and has expressed interest in my participation as his honors thesis advisor. It is a pleasure to offer this letter of recommendation for the DOE
manufactures monolithically integrated optoelectronic components based on the proprietary technology developed at Cornell University. It also produces integrated photonic components, which include its lasers. These components can be integrated into indium phosphide and other semiconductor materials, which give BinOptics a competitive advantage. This unique platform allows the company to meet commercial requirements with higher reproducibility, more elasticity for product innovation, considerably lower
1. Problem definition 1.1. What is E-waste E-waste, or "Electronic waste", includes discarded computers, electronic equipments, entertainment consoles, mobile phones, televisions and many more. It comprises used electronics for reuse, resale, salvage, recycling, or disposal purposes. 1.2. Amount of E-waste Rapid changes in technology and falling prices have resulted in a fast-growing surplus of electronic waste around the globe. An estimate of 50 million tons of E-waste is produced each year (Sthiannopkao
07/04/2014 To, The Admission Committee, Institut für Mechanik und Fluiddynamik, Weisbachbau,
Energy Self-Sufficiency in Building through Photovoltaic Cells ABSTRACT Solar energy is a way to acquire self-sufficiency of many residential buildings. The different forms of solar cells made from different materials and in different ways are able to increase the efficiency of the solar cells and allow solar energy to become more widespread. Due to the possibility of a shortage of fossil fuels in the near future, solar power can serve as an integral component in solving the energy crisis
cells were primarily used as a result of their relatively light weight and heat conduction properties (Wittry, 2005). In 2001, two 38ft x 239ft solar panels were installed on the ISS. The new cells were multi junction solar cells comprised of gallium indium phosphate on gallium arsenide on germanium. The germanium based cell resists oxidation, unlike its silicon oxide counterpart that experienced degradation in the upper atmosphere due to exposure to oxygen (Wiebusch, 2001). Furthermore, the Silicon
using any equipment, and without taking any space. On the other hand, Louwen, Sark, Schropp, Turkenburg, and Faaij (2015) stress that solar cells need to replace the material that is used or decrease the amount of the equipment used such as silver and indium since they are used in silicon cells. This might negatively impact the environment and the production cost (p. 1407). Overall, solar energy can be used as a renewable energy to reduce the pollution and protect the environment from the harmful gasses
Solar energy is one of the useful resources, which do not impact on the environment. Today, some consumers use fossil fuel, which is nonrenewable and cause pollution, rather than other sources. Fossil fuel can make the air unhealthy by releasing carbon dioxide; therefore, solar energy is great because it is renewable energy and it is replaced. Solar energy as the same other sources has many uses, some of them can be dangerous especially if consumers use it in a wrong way and some of them can be useful