Lymphadenopathy is the term for swelling of the lymph nodes. These are the bean-shaped organs found in the underarm, groin, neck, chest, and abdomen. They act as filters for the lymph fluid as it circulates through the body. The most common site of lymphadenopathy are the cervical lymph nodes found in the neck. The lymphatic system is part of the immune system and functions to fight infections and disease. As infection-fighting cells and fluid build up, the lymph nodes enlarge to many times their
2008). Antibodies are constructed of two copies each of a light chain and a heavy chain. The antigen binding site is constructed from VL and VH domains of the antibody molecule whereby sequence in this region is highly variable (Watson et al., 2008)). There is also domain of the antibody where the regions do not differ among different antibody molecules and is called “C” or constant. In developing B cells, DNA sequences of immunoglobulin unable to express directly from germ line so the individual
uncontrolled production of abnormal immunoglobulin (IgG) proteins, which fight bacteria and viruses. This abnormal immunoglobulin has no benefit in the body, and, as it increases in amount, it crowds out normally functioning immunoglobulins. This is the most common types of myeloma, accounting for 60-70% of all cases. Light chain myeloma is the production of incomplete immunoglobins. Light chain myeloma causes only a portion of the immunoglobin protein (the light chain) to be produced, rendering these
used to rid the puncture wound of dead or contaminated tissues. Various antibiotics such as penicillin, benzypenicillin, and metronidazole, Muscle relaxants medication such as lorazepam, and most importantly immunoglobulins will be administered in this case it would be “Tetanus Immunoglobulin’ (TIG) which will neutralize the toxin, but will not have any effect on the toxins in the
Describe the Nature, Structure, and Function of Domains in Proteins Domains "Within a single subunit [polypeptide chain], contiguous portions of the polypeptide chain frequently fold into compact, local semi-independent units called domains." - Richardson, 1981 In the hierarchial organisation of proteins, domains are found at the highest level of tertiary structure. Since the term was first used by Wetlaufer (1973) a number of definitions exist reflecting author bias, however all of the definitions
Since most patients will either have an intact immunoglobulin or a free light chain, quantifying the amount of the M protein will aid in calculating the myeloma tumor burden; staging the myeloma patients; and documenting their response to treatment (Dispenzieri, Lacy, & Greipp, 2004). Moreover, since in 93% of patients
Introduction The human immune system consists of an immense amount of proteins, cells, and systems that all simultaneously work together to defend the body against any pathogens that come its way. One of these important proteins is the recombinase activating gene, Rag-1. Rag-1 plays a major part in lymphocyte production, and when this gene is knocked out, it can cause a major negative effect in the immune system. When Rag-1 is knocked out, the process in making T and B cell receptors is completely
Cancer immunology Our immune system protects our bodies from pathogens like bacteria and viruses very efficiently in most cases. One big question that has come up is why does the immune system not respond to cancerous cells in the same way? Why are cancer cells not eradicated like other dangerous foreign cells? This seems very strange, especially since the immune system has cells that are specific to destroying cancer cells and virus-infected cells, called natural killer cells. To begin to answer
exact. They have survived without dying from bacterial infections, diseases or viruses. This may be because their immune system has changed minutely over those 450 million years. It seems that cartilaginous fish have four different classes of immunoglobulin and that shark antibodies lack the specificity that permits recognition of the subtle differences between two similar types of bacteria (Litman, 68). Sharks antibodies lack the capacity to bind more strongly to an antigen during the course of
Review of Literature History The word ‘asthma’ is derived from the Greek verb “aazein”, which means to exhale with open mouth in literal meaning [7]. The entity of asthma was first mentioned in 8th century BC, in Iliad by Greek poet Homer, as a complaint of a short-drawn breath, but the earliest mention of asthma in a medical view was done by Hippocrates in 4th century BC. Greek philosopher Hippocrates, in his text The Corpus Hippocraticum, in which asthma was first described as “the condition that