Title: Altered HOX gene expression in Breast Cancer Introduction It is a very fascinating thought that a single cell zygote contains all information required for the development of an organism. HOX genes called Homeobox are family of 39 transcription factors divided into 4 clusters A, B, C and D and are located on different chromosomes 7p15, 17q21.2, 12q13 and 2q31 (De Souza et al., 2010). HOX genes control the body plan of embryo along anterior-posterior axis and are expressed during embryonic
The stages of tooth development There are several stages of tooth development which are initiation, bud stage, cap stage, bell stage, apposition, maturation and root formation and eruption. Prior to initiation, after about 7 weeks in the utero, the band of thickened epithelium develops into the upper and lower jaw and gives rise to the vestibular and dental lamina. These bands grow thicker as it is condensed with cells which is the origin of the forming tooth. These bands then develop blood vessels
When I was child I remember loving wildlife I’d go to the lake fishing with my big brothers they were always the best fishers and I wanted to stay up to par I noticed the fish at the lake were more attracted to live bait so I immediately researched a strategy to freeze frogs with a flashlight before bedtime I’d take a trip to the lake and would collect as many frogs as possible in a bucket one night I decided to dissect one of my frogs outside on the patio and my father caught me and gave me a lesson
choosing one gene from each or our 23 chromosomes and elaborating on it. Along with evolution and microbiology, this book goes into other fields of biology, including medicine and biotechnology. The book is very educational. I learned about the homeobox genes, which guide the development of the entire human body from a single cell. I learned that the gene for telomerase is the focus for a discussion of aging and immortality. I also learned that the ethnic differences in the frequency of a particular
Pitx1 is a gene with in a larger family of similar genes, referred to as homeobox genes that direct the formation of many body structures during early embryonic development. Pitx1 in particular, encodes for a protein of some 283 amino acids (varying slightly in different species) that acts as a transcription factor and is in charge of regulating the expression of other genes involved in the differentiation and function of certain developmental regions. The scientists in this study have been interested
In honor of Turner Syndrome Awareness Month that just passed this February, we are dedicating this post to those with Turner Syndrome, a condition that rarely discussed. Turner Syndrome is a condition where a female is partly missing or completely missing a second X chromosome, which affects development. In 1938, the syndrome was discovered by Henry Turner, a doctor who wrote a report describing the symptoms of seven women who all had Turner Syndrome. About 1 in 2,500 newborn girls are diagnosed
Simian virus 40 (SV40) is a monkey virus that was introduced into the human population by contaminated poliovaccines. The vaccines were produced in SV40 infected monkey cells between 1955 and 1963. The site of latent infection in humans is not known but the presence of SV40 in urine suggests the kidney as a possible site of latency. SV40 is a small DNA virus that is studied extensively because it is able to transform and immortalize multiple cell types (Ozer 2000, Saenz-Robles et al. 2001). Polyoma
Echinoderm (meaning Spiny skinned) is a diverse group of invertebrates belonging to the phylum Echinodermata. Phylum Echinodermata consists of five main classes that are divided into 7,500 extant species and approximately 13,000 known extinct species, including several classes that were discovered through fossils. The five main classes are proposed to have evolved from a common metazoan ancestor approximately 500 million years ago during the early Palaeozoic period (Britannica, 2014). Echinoderms
and obstetrics, endocrinology, cardiology, gastroenterology, otorhinology, and ophthalmology (Gravholt, 2005). This absence of part or all of the second X chromosome means that one important gene known as the SHOX gene is missing. The short stature homeobox (SHOX) gene is located on the pseudoautosomal region of both the X and Y chromosomes. This gene provides the instructions that are necessary for the making of proteins that regulate the functions of other genes. It is also important in controlling