and refrigeration systems became more efficient and controllable. Air Conditioning and Refrigeration play important roles in providing human comfort, food processing, storage, and many other industrial processes. We chose this topic because our life would be difficult without AC and Refrigeration. This paper will talk about the history of air conditioning and refrigeration, the role of engineers in designing and building it, people’s life before and after air conditioning and refrigeration, and
which produce heat). Sound, light and heat affect human comfort a lot. They may adversely affect for human comfort positively or negatively. Researchers suggest that, human body is used to be comfortable at a temperature of 22oC to 25 oC. Anything lower or higher than this, the human body feels uncomfortable. This is because, the human body is structured in a way that, it should receive a certain amount of light, failure to which it can cause sunburns and other skin conditions. Refrigeration, the production
The harmful effects of conventional vapour compression refrigeration are aplenty. From the CFCs depleting the ozone layer to the high wear and tear of moving components, shortcomings of conventional refrigeration has fuelled the need for a better, safer and clean alternative. Thermoacoustic refrigerator is a special kind of device that uses energy of sound waves or acoustic energy to pump heat from low temperature reservoir to a high temperature reservoir. Thermoacoustics in the broadest sense is
thermodynamics Refrigeration is the major application area, in which the heat is transferred from a lower temperature region to a higher temperature region. The devices which produce refrigeration are known as Refrigerators and the cycle on which it operates are called refrigeration cycles. Vapour compression refrigeration cycle is the most regularly used refrigeration cycle in which the refrigerant is alternately vaporized and condensed and in the vapor phase it is compressed. Gas refrigeration cycle is the
absorption refrigeration systems such as absorber, desorber, solution heat exchanger etc. In this section absorption refrigeration cycle configurations of the investigations reviewed in the present work are discussed. The principle of operation and the use of membrane contactors in the desorber of absorption refrigeration systems can alter the configuration of the cycle. However, the use of membrane contactors in the absorber has no significant effect on the configuration of the cycle. Ali and Schwerdt
1.1 Basic Vapour compressor refrigeration system:- The diagram below the text shows the components of a vapor-compression refrigeration cycle: a compressor, condenser, expansion valve, and evaporator. A low pressure, low temperature liquid is converted to vapor in the evaporator, thus absorbing heat from the refrigerated space and keeping that space cool. The fluid is driven around the cycle by the compressor, which compresses the low temperature, low pressure vapor leaving the evaporator to high
of any heat engine depended on the temperatures of the surroundings. 2.2 Thermodynamic processes in heat engines When the system changes from one thermodynamic state to the last state due changes in properties like volume, temperature, pressure, volume, the system is said to have undertaken a thermodynamic process. There are various types of thermodynamic processes. • Adiabatic process: This is where the inside energy is equal to the work done on the system and no outside heat was provided
irreversibility of a process. There have been several studies on the exergy analysis of vapor compression refrigeration cycle. (T. Hari Prasad, 2009) Investigation of coefficient of performance, and determine the second law efficiency vapor compression refrigeration cycle using R-12 as refrigerant based on exergy analysis. (X.Xu, 1992) It studied of exergy analysis on vapor compression refrigeration using R12, R134a and R290 as refrigerants. (Miguel Padilla, 2010) It presented the exergy analysis of
This chapter includes all research into the current state of the art. Section 2.2 details the history of refrigeration, the refrigeration cycle, and the various types of refrigeration equipment available and most commonly used. Section 2.3 discusses the refrigeration and freezing of various products. Section 2.4 provides information on programmable logic controllers (PLC). This section includes a brief history of PLCs, how they work, different programming languages used and some commonly used instructions
challenging. Refrigeration & Air conditioning (air cooling) which is a part in the day to day basis consumes about 50% of the total energy consumed by the buildings sector which accounts for about 30-40%. In hot temperature climate zones like east America, UK air conditioning/cooling equipment are predominant, in developing countries like China and India, the use of air conditioning for cooling purposes are increasing at a drastic rate. Vapour compression (VC)/ Vapour Absorption (VA) cycle systems which
Conditioning and Refrigeration Timeline). Until the 20th century people tried to obtain air conditioning by doing things such as draping saturated mats in doorways and installing water powered fans. Leonardo DeVinci built a mechanical ventilating fan which was the very first of its kind. The cycle that air goes through before it enters your home is called the Refrigeration Cycle. The definition of the refrigeration cycle is; a sequence of thermodynamic processes whereby heat is withdrawn from
THERMOELECTRIC COOLING In thermoelectric cooling Peltier’s effect is used to cause heat flux between the junctions of different types of materials. A Peltier heater/cooler transfers heat from one side of the device to the other by consuming electrical energy. This device is also known as a Peltier device, Peltier heat pump, solid state refrigerator, or thermoelectric cooler (TEC). Since there are more economical and easy ways of achieving cooling, Peltier’s devices are mostly used for cooling purposes
The word thermodynamics is derived from the Greek words therme, meaning heat and dunamis, meaning power. Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that studies the effects of changes in temperature, pressure, and volume on systems at the macroscopic scale by studying the motion of their particles. A system is the subject of study. Heat means energy in transit and dynamics relates to movement of particles; thus, in essence thermodynamics studies the movement of energy and how energy instills movement
is a machine that the heat of a fluid by vapor compression or absorption refrigeration cycle. This fluid can then be circled through a high temperature exchanger to cool air or gear as needed. As a vital repercussion, refrigeration makes waste hotness that must be depleted to encompassing or, for more excellent effectiveness, recuperated for warming purposes. Concerns in configuration and choice of chillers incorporate execution, effectiveness, support, and item life cycle ecological effect. The
The refrigeration cycle is the basis for the functioning of temperature control equipment such as the air conditioner, air-cooled and water-cooled chillers. The cooling tower is used in conjunction with a water cooled chiller. Working of conventional air conditioners: 1. The first step involves movement of the low pressure vapour of the refrigerant through the compressor coming out as high pressure and high temperature super-heated vapour. 2. This vapour then passes through condenser and gets converted
Fractionation Unit Purpose of the Unit The Fractionation Unit supplies ethane and propane, at the required purity, as make up to the refrigeration cycles. In addition, methane is sent to the HP fuel gas system and pentane to the LP fuel gas system. NGLs are re-injected into the LNG product and hydrocarbon condensate is produced to the required vapour pressure and directed to storage. Process Introduction The Fractionation Unit consists of four fractionation columns in series: • a De-methaniser
the sun to dry dead bodies. This was a form of passive solar power. In 100 A.D., a historical writer by the name of Pliny the Younger built a house in northern Italy that had mica windows in one room. The mica windows stored heat and later gave it off. The additional heat generated by this room reduced the amount of wood that had to be burned. In the second century B.C., the Romans started starting experimenting with solar power. They placed their buildings in such a way as to capture ...
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND What is LNG and what are the benefits of liquefaction? Natural gas is a major source of energy, but many towns and cities that need the energy are located far from the gas fields. Transporting gas by pipeline can be costly an impractical. As such, natural gas is condensed into a liquid at close to atmospheric pressure (maximum transport pressure set at around 25 kPa) by cooling it to approximately -162°C (-260°F) in liquefaction process. It is then called liquefied
Sustainable Energy Sources Energy is life. Life on this planet depends upon a fixed amount of energy. The modern industrialized energy sources such as coal and petroleum were originally utilized for their seeming promiscuity and high energies yielded per unit volume. The world has now become painfully aware of how finite petroleum reserves are, not to mention the political complications associated with being dependent upon foreign countries for an energy supply. To add insult to injury, the
AMITY UNIVERSITY, UTTAR PRADESH FACTORY OPERATIONS WITH SPECIALIZATION IN REFRIGERATION. TECHNO ELECTRONICS Ltd. Submission to: Ms. Richa Sharma Asst. Professor ASET Compiled by: Parth Shukla