because normally the nigrostriatal pathway would excite the direct pathway and inhibit the indirect pathway. However, the loss of this input causes and imbalance with favor to activity in the indirect pathway. Therefore, the internal segment globus pallidus neurons are abnormally active, inhibiting the thalamic neurons. The lack of thalamic input causes the motor cortex neurons to be reduced in excitement, and the motor system is not able to execute the motor activity in response to a person’s desire
Introduction Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized mainly by physical and psychological disabilities. This disorder was named after James Parkinson, an English physician who first described it as shaking palsy in 1817 (Goetz, Factr, and Weiner, 2002). Jean- Martin Charcot, who was a French neurologist, then progressed and further refined the description of the disease and identified other clinical features of PD (Goetz, Factr, and Weiner, 2002). PD involves
While there are an ample amount of mental disorders which offer interesting areas for study and research, there is no more interesting disorder than that of Tourette’s syndrome (TS). TS is a neurological disorder designated as such through the symptoms which its sufferers exhibit such as repetitive, involuntary movements which affects up to 1% of children and adults worldwide. At the early age of 1885, the first clear description of the condition was published by a young 28 year old doctor by the
five percent of school age children (McEwan, 1998). Loss of control and thought may be believed to be caused by certain impaired brain functions that are important for children to maintain attention. The prefrontal cortex, caudate nucleus, and globus pallidus are three parts of the brain that are involved with regulating attention (Barkley, 1998). In a Scientific American article, entitled "Attention-Deficit Hypera... ... middle of paper ... ...Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Available:
Throughout history, treatments for Parkinson's disease have been informed by the technology available at the time. Ablation was widespread until medicines that provided superior effectiveness were discovered. Deep brain stimulation -not a new technology when it came into use as a PD treatment in the 1990s, but one whose potential had not been realized -provided further improvements, allowing for treatment when medications ceased to work. Deep brain stimulation allowed for a very powerful tool in
the direct pathway. The direct pathway flows from the cerebral cortex to the striatum to the internal segment of the globus pallidus, which synapses with the thalamus. The indirect pathway takes a similar route, but first detours from the striatum to the external segment of the globus pallidus, then the subthalamic nucleus, and then back to the internal segment of the globus pallidus. The net effect of the transient cortical activation of the direct pathway is an increase in motor movements, while
Huntington's Disease Huntington's disease, or Huntngton's chorea, is a genetic disease that causes selective neural cell death, which results in chorea, or irregular, jerking movements of the limbs caused by involuntary muscle contractions, and dementia. It can cause a lack of concentration and depression. It also may cause atrophy of the caudate nucleus, a part of the brain. However, symptoms vary between individuals, with some sufferers showing symptoms that others do not. Those suffering from
Introduction: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is defined as a behavioral disorder of childhood onset (by the age of 7 years) characterized by symptoms of inattentiveness and impulsivity/hyperactivity. Based on the type of symptoms that predominate, ADHD is classified as following: Combined type: both inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms are present Predominantly inattentive subtype Predominantly hyperactive/impulsive subtype Not otherwise specified (NOS):
Pornography, Affect On Brain, Negative, and Addiction Pornography’s Negative And Addictive Affect On The Brain Jon Caplan Mass College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences According to a news article published by Fox News and written by Tia Ghose, Playboy magazine, an adult magazine offering pornographic images of ladies, will no longer be including pictures of naked women in their publications. Though the decision was made mostly due to the uprise in Internet pornography providing an easier, more
edition (1989). "Procrastination." Wikipedia. 13 June 2007 . R P Gallagher, S Borg, A Golin and K Kelleher (1992), Journal of College Student Development, 33(4), 301-10. Strub, R. L. (1989). Frontal lobe syndrome in a patient with bilateral globus pallidus lesions. Archives of Neurology 46, 1024-1027.
ADHD in Females Grace is a second grader. She sits quietly with her hand folded in front of her and watches tv. She sees Dumbo and thinks of the stuffed elephant on her bed. She remembers her brother winning it for her at a carnival, where she got to ride a pony and eat cotton candy. A few minutes pass, and Grace has no idea what is happening around her or on the cartoon. She is not worried, because there really isn't a time that her mind is not wandering. Grace is a well mannered little
before, “Procrastination: Habit or Disorder,” the author talks about how “Research done by R.L. Strub links procrastination to physical disorders and lesions in the brain, particularly in the frontal lobe - specifically the bilateral hemisphere in globus pallidus. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) of the frontal lobe controls cognitive processes.” (2013, paragraph 6) The author goes on to talk about how the PFC is the part of the brain that controls human’s ability to make and reach goals so if the PFC is not
Bradykinesia Perception is an intangible part of every being. It cannot be explained, defined, or nailed down the way that most scientists would like. In some ways, perception can be taught-a person's circumstance and background would cause him or her to perceive a situation in a particular way. In other ways, perception is unpredictable and ever changing. Even here, attempting to describe the indescribable, there are flaws in the last two sentences because they are based on the writer's perceptions
The perspective countering previously stated information is biological. Procrastination links to physical disorders and lesions in the brain, particularly in the frontal lobe - specifically the bilateral hemisphere in globus pallidus (Strub, 1989). Research on the physiological roots of procrastination mostly surrounds the role of the Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) (Evans, 2007) . Consistent with the notion that procrastination is strongly related to impulsiveness, this area of the
Procrastination: Habit or Disorder? "Procrastination is 'the art of keeping up with yesterday and avoiding today.' " - Wayne Dyer (6) Universally common to college students, procrastination is often addressed as a bad habit. Yet, in most cases, this isn't a nuance, but a perpetual occurrence - no longer qualifying for the term "habit." Typically thought of as a behavioral trait, procrastination thrives on a cycle of blame shifting and avoidance. Falling victim to this "habit" myself, I embarked
The Brain Meninges – connective tissue covering the brain Dura mater – the substance that covers the brain and the spinal cord • Endosteal layer – resembles the periosteum of bones, provides blood vessels • Meningeal layer – dense, fibrous membrane • Falx cerebri – a large crescent shaped fold that is amid cerebral hemispheres • Tentorium cerebelli – horizontal large crescent crease attached to the internal surface of the occipital bone • Falx cerebelli - a fold that divides the cerebellar hemispheres
ADHD and My Family: Searching for a More Scientific Explanation My father, like many Asian immigrants, left India to pursue his educational goals in America in order to provide a better life for his family. He arrived in the U.S. with fourteen dollars in his coat pocket, a suitcase in his hands, and a will to succeed. For my father, in a place like America where opportunities were plentiful and where hard work actually paid off there was no excuse not to succeed. The practical translation of
The human brain consists on the left cerebral hemisphere and the right cerebral hemisphere, which signifies the control of the four lobes and its functions. The left cerebral hemisphere is an important section of the brain with the usage of speech, reading, and writing skills. The right cerebral hemisphere is also an important section as to the development of understanding, paying attention, and expressing emotions. Then within each cerebral hemisphere are four major areas call the Frontal, Parietal
Clinical Characteristics and Genetics of Dystonia The dystonias comprise a heterogeneous group of neurologic movement disorders, which collectively represent the third most prevalent neurological movement disease in the United States (Bragg, 2011). Clinical manifestations of disease include sustained or intermittent, involuntary muscle contractions that result in abnormal twisting, postures, and/or movements (Albanese, 2013). Because of the broad spectrum of clinical characteristics and disease
Recently, the percentage of young students, who did not work on their projects or homework until the last minute before a deadline, presented a rising trend. Although in fact, everyone more or less dallies over some work, some people have made it a way of life, which is normally considered as the behavior defined by procrastination. As some previous researches indicate, 80%–95% of college students engage in procrastination (Ellis & Knaus, 1977; O’Brien, 2002), and almost 50% of them procrastinate