Enterococcus faecalis is a genus of gram positive cocci and form short chains or are arranged in pairs. They are nonmotile, facultative anaerobic organisms and can survive in harsh conditions in nature. There are over 15 species of the Enterococcus genus but about 90% of clinical isolates are E. faecalis. E. faecalis is a nosocomial pathogen because it is commonly found in the hospital environment and can cause life-threatening infections in humans. It is a bacterium that normally inhabits the intestinal
which made experiment vulnerable to contamination. Unknown 3 After gram staining, it was revealed that unknown 3 microscopic morphology was Gram positive cocci in chains Enterococcus faecalis. When observed under the microscope, the bacteria’s morphology displayed a purple color, round shape, and in short chains. Enterococcus faecalis is most often found in large intestine of humans2. It is known to cause endocarditis and bacteremia, urinary tract infections (UTI), meningitis, and other infections
gram-positive cocci. The gram-positive eliminated all the possibilities of unknown 413 being any gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis etc. The cocci morphology result eliminated any possibilities of it being any bacteria that are a rod. This left five different genera: Staphylococcus, Lactococcus, Micrococcus, and Enterococcus as a choice for the unknown. Knowing that the unknown 413 is gram positive cocci the next step was to do some essential differential test. One
Introduction: Bacteria play a large role in our health, the environment, and most aspects of life. They can be used in beneficial ways, such as decomposing wastes, enhancing fertilizer for crops, and breaking down of substances that our bodies cannot. However, many bacteria can also be very harmful by causing disease. Understanding how to identify bacteria has numerous applications and is incredibly important for anyone planning to enter the medical field or begin a career in research. Having the
Vancomycin Vancomycin can be classified to the Glycopeptide antibiotic group. • Vancomycin was first discoverd by Eli Lilly, from a soil sample which is collected from the jungles of Borneo. It is a naturally obtained antibiotic produced by the soil bacterium Actinobacteria species Amycolatopsis orientalis • The one advantage that was apparent is that staphylococci did not develop very strong resistance inspite of introducing it several times in culture media with vancomycin • The drug fast tracked
1. Describe the mode of actions of the drugs that interfere with protein synthesis. Antimicrobial drugs that block protein synthesis react with ribosomal-mRNA complexes. These drugs are safe only because bacterial ribosomes are different in size and structure compared to human ribosomes, however, they can damage human mitochondria since they can contain ribosomes like bacterial ribosomes. 2. Name and describe the actions of the aminoglycoside subgroup. Aminoglycosides are broad-spectrum drugs
The Great Lakes are the largest surface freshwater system on Earth, with a basin that is home to around 30 million people (USEPA, 2015). Lake Michigan is the only one of the Great Lakes that lies entirely within the United States, with a maximum length of 307 miles and maximum width of 118 miles. The Lake Michigan shoreline, composed mainly of sand and pebble beaches, stretches 1,640 miles along the coasts of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin, as well as some islands (NOAA, 2015a). The
highlights a debate over the safety of ground turkey sold in U.S. supermarkets. According to the Consumer’s Union in the article, a large percentage of ground turkey was found to be contaminated with fecal-associated bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Enterococcus, along with other types of pathogens, such as Salmonella and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (DiGregorio 2013). Some of the bacteria found in the turkey were also found to be resistant to a number of antibiotics (DiGregorio
probiotics are effective in preventing antibiotic associated diarrhea [23], including the yeast Saccharomyces boulardii and bacterium lactobacillus acidophilus in combination with L. bulgaricus. A variety of probiotics like lactobacillus species, enterococcus species , etc are effective in the treatment of diarrhea in both adults and children by reducing the mean duration of the diseases by more than 30 hr [24]. Probiotic therapy has also been examined in non gastrointestinal diseases, including the
Purpose: To identify an unknown microorganism by performing a series of biochemical tests on a pure bacterial culture. Materials and Methods: 1. Carbohydrate Utilization: Two culture tubes, phenol red lactose broth and phenol red sucrose broth, were each inoculated with one loopful of organism 3 from a broth culture. The broths were incubated at 37°C. After 24-48 hours, the mediums were examined. A positive test result is indicated by a change from the red broth to a yellow broth. A change
that are also catalase negative and non-motile. In terms of morphology they are either rod-shaped (bacilli) or spherical (cocci). In addition, they all ferment carbohydrates and hydrolyse arginine. This group consists of six genera of bacteria – Enterococcus, Lactococcus, Streptococcus, bile tolerance and ph tolerance test.
antibiotic and most prominently administered intravenously; however, studies are taking place to interpret the best way to administer the drug as new Vancomycin-resistant species h... ... middle of paper ... ...eptide resistance operon from Enterococcus faecalis revisited. Mol Microbiol2003;50:931-48 (18) Courvalin, Patrice. (2006). Vancomycin Resistance in Gram-Positive Cocci. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 42(Supplement 1), S25-S34. doi: 10.1086/491711 (19) Arthur M, Reynolds P, Courvalin P Glycopeptide
Limiting factors are components or conditions of an environment that prevent a population from continually growing. Nutrients are one type of limiting factor that can affect the growth of a population. Bacteria, for example, are unable to synthesize fundamental chemical elements necessary for growth, therefore, they rely on their environment to provide these important factors. While the bacteria are growing, they are using up the supply of available elements, and as growth continues, the element
Introduction Mass spectrometry (MS) is a method used to analyse a sample and measure the mass-to-charge ratio thereof. It can be used to determine the mass of samples as well as the composition of the sample. Liquid chromatography (LC) or more specifically known as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a technique that makes use of chromatography to separate a mixture of complex compounds into its constituent molecules and can further be used to identify, quantify and purify these
Antibiotic resistance is a phenomenon in which microorganisms undergo a genetic mutation that allows them to withstand the effects of antibiotic agents designed to kill them or make them incapable of reproduction. To understand antibiotic resistance, it is important to understand what antibiotics are and the mechanisms behind these drugs that affect diseases. Antibiotics are chemical agents that specifically target certain bacterial strains and disable the bacteria by preventing their reproduction
One study investigated transit accessibility to health care by either public transit or by foot in various low-income countries in the Bay Area. Results revealed that transit accessibility to a hospital, defined as getting to a hospital or clinic in 30 min or less by public transit or ½ mile by foot, varied from 0 to 28 %. Additionally, 55 % of missed appointments or late arrivals were due to transportation problems.Collectively, these studies suggest that lack or inaccessibility of transportation
possibility for the 21st century” (Organization & Asia, 2015). Many very common, easily treated bacterial pathogens are already known to have some level of antibiotic resistance. These include "Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and species of enterobacter, salmonella, and shigella" (Nathan & Cars,
The entirety of this lab experiments was testing general basic understanding of lab procedures. It tested if I can follow the basic direction and with carefully deduction, concluded to what my unknown organism was in the end. I had no problem in the beginning and determining I was working with a Gram-positive organism. I felt my process of doing lab test grew faster over time because in the beginning, I was very slow to smear prep. However, this gradually improved over time and in addition, so did
body immune system can get rid of these bacteria according to (Mayo clinic) the bacteria are Escherichia coli (E. coli) a type of bacteria normally found in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract other bacteria are staphylococcus, proteus, klebsiella, enterococcus, and pseudomonas. According to (webMD) Some bladder infections in both men and women have been linked to two sexually transmitted organisms: chlamydia trachomatis and mycoplasma. Another sexually transmitted organism, trichomonas, can cause similar
Healthcare Settings”, January 17, 2011). In the other hand, E. faecalis is a bacterium that can cause life threatening infection in humans. Usually in the gastrointestinal tracts, and the bacteria is “non-motile, Gram positive, Cocci bacterium” (“Enterococcus faecalis”, n.d). Similarly, to find my unknown bacteria 2, a gram stain was used to eliminate bacteria. Bacteria 2 was concluded to be Gram negative, because it was viewed pink under the microscope. Since my bacteria 2 is Gram negative, I eliminated