As the Fig 1 showing, the node which generates the packet is the source node. There are many sensor nodes in a 3-D interest area. The packet is delivered among these sensor nodes and finally try to reach one sink node. Sink nodes are deployed on the water surface. In the figure, it is a multiple-sink topology. Multiple sinks equipped both radio-frequency and acoustic modems are fixed on the water surface.The packet is assumed delivered successfully if it reaches any one of the sink nodes because
CHARACTERISTICS AND CHALLENGES OF VANET 1.1 Characteristics of VANET [2, 5]: Dynamic topology-One of the most important characteristics of VANET is dynamic topology. In this nodes or vehicles move with high speed in respect to each other. No power constraints and adequate storage -In VANET, we are using vehicles as nodes instead of other devices so vehicles have sufficient amount of energy and power including both processing and storage; so the battery power and storage is not an issue in VANET.
CHAPTER 3 Routing Protocols The nodes in Ad hoc network are free to move in random fashion within the network region due to which the network topology changes randomly or dynamically. This random movement of nodes plays an important role on the performance of routing protocols[30,31]. Considering the node mobility feature it is essential to choose a suitable routing protocol based on the network environment. Because the nodes are mobile in nature and are moving randomly anywhere so its an important
Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) is the protocol a device uses when it does not know its own IP address. Lastly, you will learn the difference between routing and routed protocols and how routers track distance between locations. You will also learn about distance-vector, link-state, and hybrid routing approaches and how each resolves common routing problems. In networking, there are two addressing schemes: one uses the MAC address, a data link (Layer 2) address; the other uses an address located
A. Background A. 1.The facts about food waste and hunger in Australia Australia is a great food-producing county and is truly lucky enough to feed 60 million people [1] which is almost twice as the current estimated population of about 36.24 million people.[2] However recent research shows that more than 4 million tonnes of food are disposed to landfill each year, of which food retailing accounts for 1.38 million tonnes and 2.6 million tonnes come from Australian household.[3] Every year Australian
heterogeneous underlying networks may need to be utilized to effect data transfers. The challenges of this field of research are: 1. Large delays (due to physical distances, small bandwidth, or extended disconnection). 2. A second challenge is efficient routing in the presence of frequently disconnected, pre-scheduled, or opportunistic link availability. 3. A third challenge is high link-error rates that make end-to-end reliability difficult. Finally, heterogeneous underlying network technologies (including
developing multicast routing protocols, like the dynamically changing network topology, limitation of network scalability. There are different types of protocols like unicast protocols [1], [2], cluster based protocols [3] In this paper we discuss about multicast routing for vehicular Ad hoc network which is different from other Ad Hoc networks [4]. Generally there are two types of multicast routing protocols in wireless networks. Tree-based multicast routing protocol, mesh based routing protocol [5]-[8]
essential parameters of the selected function are displayed, for example: “EQ”. This is notably helpful in the “Dynamics” section, as there are two encoders for the compressors and noise gate thresholds, available in the channel strip. Dynamics which are in use are represented by LEDs above and below the channel meter display, allowing the user to see which channels are using “Dynamic Processing”. The channel EQ is designed with four bands, complete with full control of the parameters in which the
will change its connection to other devices frequently. An important issue in MANET is routing between two nodes, due to the changing topology of the network. The routing protocol should be secure to protocol to protect against network attacks such as Black hole attack, worm hole attack, Dos attack, grey hole attack. Mostly AODV, DSR, DSDV are prone to the attacks. Research work concentrates in the field of routing and security. MANET has attacks in all the layers. In the physical layer jamming, intercept
structured P2P overlay network support scalable storage and retrieval of {key,value} pairs. Given a key, operations like put(key,value) and get(key) can be invoked respectively to store and retrieve the data object corresponding to the key, which involves routing requests to the peer corresponding to the key. However, they only supports exact matching and are strongly affected by peer churn [31]. A Content Addressable Network [44] is designed around the idea of a virtual d-dimensional Cartesian coordinate
Traditional Network architecture vs IDRA 4 3.1.1. Information driven approach redefines the role of protocols. 5 3.1.2. Decoupling of the protocol logic and packet representation 5 3.1.3. The system stores all packets in a shared queue 5 3.1.4. Dynamic protocol selection 6 3.1.5. Smaller Memory footprint 6 3.1.6. Legacy support 7 3.1.7. Service Virtualization 7 4. References 8 1. Introduction The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects accessed
with walking to a bus stop, then taking a bus to a tram stop where a transit to a tram ride occurs. Subsequently tram travel is made to a location where subsequently walking is required to the final destination. With GIS applications, this type of routing analysis can be done fairly quickly and easily. Given a fair amount of assumptions, such as an average walk speed, it is possible to arrive at a fairly good estimate of travel time. The pedestrian road data informs the portion of the travel which
Internet is built. This is made up of the 2 common networking protocols, TCP, for Transmission Control Protocol, and IP, for Internet Protocol. TCP maintains and handles packet flow linking the systems and IP protocol has the ability to handle the routing of packets. However The TCP/IP stack consists of 5 layers first being application layer, the transport layer, then the network layer, the link layer and finally the physical layer. The assignment focuses on the three middle layers and is divided
Radiation is the process of emitting radiant energy in the form of waves or particles that travels through a medium or space. Radiation sources can be divided into two main categories which are non-ionizing radiation and ionizing radiation. Non-ionizing radiation includes natural background sources and man-made sources. The sun is one of the major background sources of radiation. It sends out ultraviolet rays that penetrate and damage human skin by causing sunburn. Certain minerals that make up part
1.1 Preamble Network topology can be defined in many ways since there are many different types of network that depending on the certain amount of user, ability, and purpose. For example, in Multimedia University (MMU) all networks inside our campus are connected through Local Area Network (LAN) to access MMLS for example. While when connected to outside through internet, we call it Wide Area Network (WAN). We are connected to the world via various network topologies, such as Point-to-point, Bus
WAN: WAN is a computer network spanning a relatively large geographical area. WAN stands for: Wide area Network. WAN consists of more than two local area networks (LAN) LAN is also a computer network but unlike WAN it spans in a relatively small area such places as a home, school building, office building or computer laboratory. The most well-known or the most popular WAN is the internet. Unlike LAN, WAN is usually not owned by a single organisation or company but exists under distributed or collective
1.0 Introduction Al Ikhsan Company is a small company producing sports shoes around the city of Ipoh. The company has been operating in several months. In the administration of the company, there is a manager, accounts, production and personnel to manage the Al Ikhsan. Al Ikhsan company is still operating and is a small company does not have knowledge of networking systems There are a few problems that arise in the management of information in each section manager, accounts, production and personnel
Each packet of information that is sent is identified by the IP address which reveals the source of the information. When IP spoofing is used the information that is revealed on the source of the data is not the real source of the information. Instead the source contains a bogus IP address that makes the information packet look like it was sent by the person with that IP address. If you try to respond to the information, it
flow for their characterization. The topics of discussion are given below: Basics Reasons for Characterization Characterization Flow Characterization Parameters Models Measurement & Verification Library Formats Summary Sources Basics: - The use of the standard cells can be summarized as given below: Logic units of similar geometry (same height) Implement basic logic (NAND, NOR, INV, FF, LATCH, complex gates) Usually come in libraries for a specific
TOPIC:IP ADDRESS Cyber Law & Information Security The address of a computer on the Internet is commonly referred to as the IP Address (Internet Protocol). It's a 32 bit (4 bytes) number normally written as follows: xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx Since a byte can represent any number from zero to 255, the least and the maximum IP address possible are: 0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255 Understanding IP Addresses Understanding IP Addressing is necessary, since all applications on the Internet generate logs