ways in the brain. The most recent studies explore the cooperative effects of adenosine and dopamine, as well as the increase in calcium in the interstitial fluid and possible accumulation of cyclic adenosine monophospate. The most popular discussions of earlier studies of caffeine demonstrate its antagonistic effects on adenosine receptors. While it has been reported that adenosine receptors are located throughout the brain, the various subtypes can be found in very specific areas. Studies
producing an inhibitory effect, at a variety of neurotransmitter receptors in the brain. The exact site and action by which Clozapine produces its therapeutic effects is difficult to locate due to the complexity of its interactions with several neurotransmitters. It is believed that the two key neurotransmitters that Clozapine interacts with are serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA), particularly at 5-HT2, D2, and D4 receptors (Brenner, H.D., BÖker, W., Genner, R., 2001). Serotonin is a biogenic
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most frequently diagnosed neurobehavioral disorder in children and young adults (Schilling, Walsh & Yun, 2011). Though there is a breadth of research on the topic, the fact that individuals with ADHD have to overcome many difficulties throughout their life, like failing to inhibit inappropriate actions that can otherwise lead to antisocial behavior, severe injuries and in many cases end with imprisonment with 40-70% of detainees being diagnosed
One of the goals of personality psychology is to develop general understanding of each specific trait and the way they interact with each other to create such a variety of personalities. One of the traits that have attracted a considerable amount of attention is impulsivity. Impulsivity is viewed as acting in a spontaneous way, or not giving much thought to potential consequences of actions before they are carried out. Typically viewed in a negative light, Charles Carver and a few other personality
accept ADHD as a real disorder. It is known to be the most common disorder in adolescent children and teenagers. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, commonly known as ADHD, is a real disease linked to changes in production of the brain chemical dopamine. 6.4 million kids ages four to seventeen have been diagnosed with ADHD since 2011. Inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity are signs and symptoms that the diagnosis is based off of. This disease has three subtypes. The subtypes include predominantly
Clozapine is an atypical medication because it differs from the older conventional drugs such as Halodol or Lithium. The difference between atypical and the older drugs is because there less neuroleptic activity as a result of more specific receptors utilized. The atypical drugs work effectively to treat psychotic illnesses and tend to have fewer side effects than their predecessors. Clozapine has been found to be the most effective antipsychotic drug for treatment resistant schizophrenia
Reward System 2 What does addiction and pair-bonding have in common with the dopamine reward system? Better yet, what is the DA reward system? The DA reward system is what keeps us evolving. It is what keeps all living animals evolving. It serves to motivate us to do basic survival skills like, eating, drinking and reproducing. Though it is used for other things as well (Katherine H
cognition. Dopamine The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia (Steeds et al., 2014, Peleg-Raibstein et al. 2008) attributes
Food addiction: A brief overview A current and major growing threat to the worldwide public health is the obesity epidemic. One proposal for certain types of obesity, such as those associated with binge eating disorder is that the individual suffers from a food addiction. A food addiction can be described as compulsive overeating by an individual and their lack of control of their food intake. The purpose of this paper is to describe the neurobiological bases of food addiction and how this relates
The Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a disease that has plagued societies around the world for centuries, although it was not given its formal name until 1911. It is characterized by the presence of positive and negative symptoms. Positive symptoms are so named because of the presence of altered behaviors, such as delusions, hallucinations (usually auditory), extreme emotions, excited motor activity, and incoherent thoughts and speech. (1,2) In contrast, negative symptoms
suicide, and 1 in 10 will succeed. There is great social stigma associated with the disease (Sarason & Sarason, 2001, pg. 350). The dopamine theory behind the cause of schizophrenia states that in part excess dopamine is a possible factor or there is more than an average number of dopamine, Type 2 receptors. Risperidone acts on the dopamine D2 receptor (Sarason, et al, 2001, pg. 368). Risperidone is a psychotropic drug and is part of the chemical class of benzisoxazole derivatives used
these inhibited N-methyl-D-aspartate(NMDA) receptor-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP). Selective inhibitors 5,6-dichloro-1-β-d-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole also inhibited NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission, while leaving NMDA receptor-independent LTP unaffected. They concluded that NMDA receptors appear to be the primary targets of CK2 and that CK2 plays a role in the synaptic plasticity and that location specific modification of NMDA receptors modulates synaptic
Addiction is a disease or choice People in this world knows addiction as a desire to do a certain action in order to receive the pleasure that comes from doing that action, but what they do not know is that addiction is a form of learning. The way addiction is a form of learning by that when an individual first does the action they can associate that action with the pleasure it gives. There is many types of addiction, such as drug addiction, food addiction and many more. Disease is where something
glutamatergic pathways, majorly at the level of NMDA receptors (Wen-Jun Gao). For more than 50 years, the dopamine hypothesis had been considered the mother of the theories of schizophrenia. Van Rossum first proposed it in 1966 suggesting that a hyperactivity occurring at the level of the mesolimbic dopamine pathway is the mediator of positive symptoms of schizophrenia (Seeman 1987). More research has flaunted a hypoactivity in the mesocortical dopamine pathway, which has been hypothesized to mediate
of the striatum depends on the type of receptor present on the post-synaptic cells. The cells of the striatum with D1
amount of D2 receptors available (11). In addition, the turning performance of the patients was observed to measure changes in coordination. The induction of exercise with individuals with Parkinson’s showed enhanced performance in the turning task administered. Through examination of this task, the postural control of the exercise patient was seen to improve. Subsequently, there was also an increase the 18F-fallypride binding potential, hence, an increase expression of D2 dopamine receptors. A major
produce alterations in brain function that act “on brain receptors and neurotransmitters” (p. 53). The areas of the brain where most of the drugs action takes place is beginning to be better understood in the past ten years, especially in the sense that drug abuse works through multiple mechanisms depending on the drug. Specifically looking at opioid abuse, the neurochemical action that takes place are agonists at the mu (µ) opioid receptors. Agonists mimic or increase the effects of a natural neurotransmitter
regulation in methamphetamine abusers: An fMRI study. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging Section, 211(3), 234-238. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.10.003 Wang, G., Smith, L., Volkow, N., Telang, F., Logan, J., Tomasi, D., & ... Fowler, J. (2012). Decreased dopamine activity predicts relapse in methamphetamine abusers. Molecular Psychiatry, 17(9), 918-925. doi:10.1038/mp.2011.86
loss, physical deterioration, deterioration of the nervous system, increase heart rate and blood pressure which can lead to heart attack and stroke (The Columbia Encyclopedia, 2013). Cocaine produces its effect of euphoria when an accumulation of dopamine is form in the synapse (NIDA,
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