of input data. Background on the Brain Facial perception is processed in three main areas in the occipitotemporal visual extrastriate cortex. Included in this region are the inferior occipital gyri, lateral fusiform gyrus, and the superior temporal sulcus. The lateral fusiform gyrus is involved more with the formation and ideas we associate with identity. The superior temporal sulcus processes changes in the face, such as the position of the mouth to indicate a smile or wrinkling of the forehead
or clothing to recognize others. Face blindness is thought to be the result of abnormalities, damage, or impairment in a fold in the brain that appears to coordinate the neural systems that control facial perception and memory—the right fusiform gyrus. Face blindness can be caused by a stroke, a traumatic brain injury, or certain neurodegenerative diseases. While no treatment for this disorder yet exists, there are certain methods of therapy that can be used. It is possible to manage the disorder
who usually experiences this from bullying or child abuse. Brain scans display a structural and biochemical change that affects a child’s social behavior. For example, in an article written by Shen-Li Lee, argues that a “child’s anterior cingulated gyrus (ACG) suffers from cell loss, which affects a child’s ability to moderate and emphasize their fear.” Furthermore, the pathway to their brain is changed in ways that can affect their ability to manage stress, which can lead to the child being impulsive
hemisphere of the brain the fusiform gyrus and the lingual gyrus were negatively affected. The function of the fusiform gyrus is mainly used for facial recognition. In the article “What is Face Blindness?” by Julie Leibach, she observes a woman who has suffered from prosopagnosia since she was five. Leibach discovers that “[Lisa tried] to keep track of the brothers, she would usually memorize what color shirt each was wearing.” The inability to use the fusiform gyrus in perception will not allow a person
the brain in addition to clinical observation in order to classify patients according to syndromes. For example, according to the neuroanatomical approach, Broca’s aphasia, which us usually associated with a lesions on the posterior inferior frontal gyrus of the brain, has cardinal features that distinguish is from other fluent and non-fluent aphasias (e.g. poor repetition, poor repetition and poor naming with good auditory comprehension). Within this model, the general assessment process of an aphasic
formation continues in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus (2). The hippocampus, which lies beneath the cortex is a major factor of learning and memory formation and can indirectly influence emotion. Progenitor cells which are present in the sub ventricular zone of the hippocampus are responsible for such growth as they produce daughter neuron cells through division (2). In the 1960s, Joseph Altman from MIT reported that new neurons were being produced in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus of adult
Journal of Physiology Cell Physiology 299(5). doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00259.2010 7. Lee, C.-Y., Chen, C.-C., & Liou, H.-H. (2009). Levetiracetam inhibits glutamate transmission through presynaptic P/Q-type calcium channels on the granule cells of the dentate gyrus. British Journal of Pharmacology, 158(7), 1753-1762. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00463.x 8. Gillard, M., Chatelain, P., & Fuks, B. (2006). Binding characteristics of levetiracetam to synaptic vesicle protein 2A (SV2A) in human brain and in CHO
So, as we can see here synaptic loss is not just age related and we can see this relationship through the evidence of the parts of the brains affected as well as a study that looks at an actual comparison of synapses. The comparison is between people with no cognitive impairment, mild cognitive impairment, and early Alzheimer’s disease. Mild cognitive impairment is a type of impairment within the brain that can cause a slight but noticeable decline in cognitive abilities. These abilities include
Introduction The influence of exercise and its beneficial impact on cardiovascular health has been observed in multiple epidemiological and mechanistic studies (1). In addition to the cardiovascular health benefits of exercise, there has been a positive correlation with exercise and improvements in glucose regulation, weight control, and even clinical depression (1). The impact of exercise has helped promote the positive prognoses of several pathologies; more recently, exercise has even demonstrated
briefly mentioning the importance of these two sub regions, I will focus my attention on the hippocampus as a whole. According to Eric Kandel, a professor and neuropsychiatrist, the hippocampus has three important regions: CA1, CA3, and the dentate gyrus. CA1 is near the output area of the hippocampus and its individual cells code for space. Since we know the hippocampus has a large involvement in memory, the CA1 region has a large involvement in the long-term memory for space. If there is a lesion
deprivation of REM sleep contributes to increased levels of stress and anxiety, as well as feeling emotions related to depression. This impacts the neurogenic environment in the hippocampus, decreasing the growth and development of neurons in the dentate gyrus. Suzanna Becker and her colleagues planned an experiment to test if adult subjects who tested low on a BDI test (used to help diagnosis depression), would perform well on a recognition task. In the task, the subjects must pair objects viewed during
of new neurons in the adult brain, has become an important topic in neurobiology and is thought to be relevant to the way in which the brain repairs itself. However, for the most part, adult neurogenesis has been shown to be restricted to the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and the subventricular zone. This paper reports the novel finding that adult neurogenesis may occur in the brainstem vestibular nucleus complex (VNC), an area of the brain that is not normally considered to be ‘neurogenic’, following
Henry Molaison or known as HM contributes to the deep understanding of memory by previous scientists and until now. His case had been a huge research and discussions among the well known scientists during his time and these results in the study of memories. Henry Molaison is living with a severe epilepsy where he need to undergo a surgery as medications were no longer gave him effects for his disease. So, his surgeon William Beecher Scoville suction out both of his hippocampus and when he got recovered
Cushing’s syndrome is a disorder resulting from a prolonged exposure to high levels of glucocorticoids. It is subdivided into two groups based on the cause of the hypercortisolism, either adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) -dependent or –independent.1 ACTH-independent is usually caused by the use of exogenous glucocorticoid therapy 2 or from autonomous cortisol secretion by the adrenal glands.1 The most common cause of endogenous ACTH-independent Cushing’s syndrome is caused by autonomous adrenal overproduction
The mammalian brain contains several different memory systems, which can be divided into declarative and non-declarative memory systems. Declarative memory can be further divided into episodic and semantic memory, and non-declarative memory can be divided into priming, associative learning, and procedural memory. I will first be discussing declarative memory, which is characterized by knowledge of facts and events. Much of our current knowledge of the structure and substrates of declarative memory
Memory is a process of encoding, storing and retrieving knowledge and is classified by two aspects; the type of information and temporal direction. Learning on the other hand is a change in behaviour resulting from acquiring knowledge. Learning requires physical changes in neuron’s size, shape and number of connections to other neurons that may affect patterns of neural activity. Short term and long term memory involve different neural system. The ability to store information depends on short term
Methamphetamine and Brain Function According to the Centers for Disease Control, methamphetamine, or meth as it is often referred to, is considered the fastest-growing illicit drug in the United States. The consequences of usage are detrimental to families and employers, not to mention the increasing law enforcement burden of having to find and disband labs making it illegally. (CDC, 2005) Aside from the far-reaching implications of methamphetamine use on these entities, this paper explores the effect
Psychological Association http://helping.apa.org/daily/neurala.html 3)Jogging May Make You Smarter, Study Says , Reuters Health http://nootropics.com/exercise/index.html 4)Running increases cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the adult mouse dentate gyrus , National Neuroscience 1999 Mar; 2(3):266-70 http://nootropics.com/neurogenesis/ 5)Mental exercise keeps the brain in motion, Canadian Press News Article, Health News, Tuesday, May 18, 1999 http://www.canoe.ca/Health9905/18_fitness.html
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Many studies have established that a developing organism is susceptible to exogenous and endogenous factors during certain stage of the organism’s development. The effects of ethyl alcohol or ethanol on the developing fetus, which manifest a variety of characteristic abnormalities, are collectively called Fetal alcohol Syndrome. Ethanol exposure to the fetus causes various malformation ranging from the cellular to the organismic levels with the eventual results frequently
Depression and Antidepressants Specifically the serotonergic hypothesis and the action of Prozac The cause of Clinical depression has long been a mystery to physicians and researchers. Many different theories have been proposed, but no conclusive evidence has been put forth. However, most of what we know about depression stems from the results of certain drugs which have been successful in treating the clinically depressed. These anti--depressants have led to the assumption that depression