Ibuprofen is a medicine which has been available in the UK since 1969; it was discovered by scientists working for the Boots Company in the 1950s when looking for an alternative with fewer side effects than the commonly prescribed aspirin (The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013). Ibuprofen belongs to a class of drugs known as Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and is available as a Prescription only Medicine (POM), over the counter as a Pharmacy (P) medicine and in retail outlets as a General
as other similar medications known as NSAIDS; fully refereed to as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The main mechanism proposed for paracetamol involves the highly selective inhibition of an enzyme called cyclooxygenase; abbreviated COX. There are two isoenyzmes of cyclooxygenase are of similar molecular weight and structure but each take on different functions. They are labeled COX-1 and COX-2. COX-1 is present in most tissues and but functions more specifically on maintaining the lining
The Pathways of Pain In 1931, the French medical missionary Dr. Albert Schweitzer wrote, "Pain is a more terrible lord of mankind than even death itself." Today, pain has become the universal disorder, a serious and costly public health issue, and a challenge for family, friends, and health care providers who must give support to the individual suffering from the physical as well as the emotional consequences of pain (1). Early humans related pain to evil, magic, and demons. Relief of pain
inflammatory action and also used for fever (anti pyretic) and pain reduction. Aspirin is the first NSAIDs used for treating human ailments, which is derived from the bark of the willow tree. NSAIDs act as non selective inhibitors of the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX) causing the reduction of the formation of prostaglandin and thromboxane. NSAIDs have recently received increasing attention as anticancer agents. In vivo studies with NSAIDs have shown the anticancer property of these drugs against breast
Introduction- What is Etoricoxib? Etoricoxib, also known as Arcoxia1, is more commonly known as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), or as a cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitor (COX-2). Therapeutically, it is specified for the ‘symptomatic relief” of conditions such as osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis2,3, and overall for their analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Arthritis is a chronic disease affecting up to ten million people in the UK. Approximately
Herbal and natural medicine is becoming increasingly popular in 21st century culture. It may be surprising to some that many of these herbal treatments and medicines have been around for centuries and are the basis for both commercially prepared medications, as well as the chemical manufacture of new pharmaceutical compounds (Phaneuf, 2005). One of these compounds, which has influenced chemistry and medicine for centuries is willow bark, which contains the chemical salicin (Boon, 2009). Its origins
Beets are an extremely nutritious food choice that is also tasty and delicious. Beets can be eaten raw or cooked, but the raw pressed beetroot juice produces the greatest health enhancing effects. The bright red juice contains a substantial amount of antioxidants, naturally occurring nitrates, betaine and iron; all of these are super healthy ingredients that are particularly high in beets. There are many well known health benefits of eating beets. Just to list a few, beets are nature’s Viagra
1.1 DRUG INTRODUCTION Antiplatelet drug are used to treat heart disease. They are powerful medications that prevent the formation of blood clots. When you are wounded, platelets arrive on the scene and group together, forming a blood clot that stops the bleeding. When an injury involves a break in your skin, this is a good thing. But platelets can also aggregate when injury to a blood vessel occurs from within the inside, as may happen in an artery affected by atherosclerosis. In this situation
Taking aspirin fights against inflammation by blocking an enzyme called cyclooxygenase. Doing so obstruct the pathway for prostaglandins to produce which cause the inflammation. This can decrease the amount of pain that someone is facing immensely and may even cure the problem entirely. It is seen that aspirin effects formation
symptoms, John is administered with 300mg of Aspirin as a single dose, which is more than enough in order to achieve results within 30 minutes. As stated by Tiziani (2013), aspirin is an analgesic with an antiplatelet effect, by blocking the enzyme cyclooxygenase needed for thromboxane synthesis it inhibits platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction. Although beneficial for patients in reducing MI mortality, daily use of aspirin above 300mg does not have any further therapeutic benefit. It could increase
Introduction Aspirin is one of the most commonly used drug in the world. The generic name is acetyl salicylic acid and the drug belongs to the group of non- steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines, which works by inhibiting the production of compounds in the body that cause pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clots (Koester, 1993. Aspirin is also a member of the salicylate family of compounds as it synthetized from salicylic acid, which was discovered in oxford (UK) by Edward stone in 1793 and first
Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is a type of acid categorized as a salicylate, this acid works as a pain reliever in the body because once digested it lowers the amount of substances already in the body that cause pains, fevers and flare ups. Also, this chemical is administered to people for prevention of heart attacks, strokes, and angina which is also known as severe chest pains. Aspirin is created by chemically synthesizing salicylic acid through the acetylation with acetic anhydride, synthesizing
BACKGROUND PAPER Plants face many challenges from the environment such as temperature fluctuations and weather impact causing stress to the plant. The oxidative state of a plant helps face its abiotic and biotic stresses. That is because plant hormones such as salicylic acid affects a plant’s nutrient uptake, water intake and regulates photosynthesis. Aspirin is a type of acetylsalicylic acid and has only a low concentrations of salicylic acid since a high amount can be harmful and hazardous in the
Anti-inflammatory effect of omega-6: Recently, researchers challenged the dogma of omega-6 as pro-inflammatory, because they report that omega-6 fatty acids have both anti-inflammatory properties and pro-inflammatory properties [1, 4, 79]. Relevant cell observational tissue cultural studies: Omega-6 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting the production of interleukins, chemokines which reduces atherosclerosis progression [80]. Omega-6 has an anti-inflammatory effect by regulating
What is type I hypersensitivity? Type I hypersensitivity is also called immediate or anaphylactic hypersensitivity. The reaction may include skin, eyes, nasopharynx, bronchopulmonary tissues and gastrointestinal tract. Hypersensitivity may cause a variety of symptoms from minor health problems to death. The reaction usually takes 15 - 30 minutes from the time of exposure to the antigen, although sometimes it may have a delayed onset from 10 - 12 hours. (#1) Immediate hypersensitivity is mediated
Introduction OA is a musculoskeletal disease that causes chronic joint pain and reduced physical functioning (Laba, brien, Fransen, & jan, 2013). Osteoarthritis (OA) is a non-inflammatory disorder of synovial joints that results in loss of hyaline cartilage and remodeling of surrounding bone. OA is the single most common joint disease, with an estimated prevalence of 60% in men and 70% in women later in life after the age of 65 years, affecting an estimated 40 million people in the United States
IASP’s definition of pain is “an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage” (H. Merskey and N. Bogduk 1994). Pain however is much broader and can be further classified by its duration or pathophysiology. Most commonly pain can be classified as acute or chronic. Acute pain is a essential warning sign that helps the host protect itself from a potentially dangerous environment. The unset of acute pain is sudden
a murine collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model. They found the GTPs administration would significantly reduce the incidence and lower the disease severity of arthritis, associated with a marked reduction in the expression of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and cyclooxygenase(COX)-2, as well as total IgG and type II collagen-specific IgG (Ab) in arthritic joints. Later on, the therapeutic effects of green tea or EGCG have been consistently reported in series of experiments using either CIA or Adjuvant-induced arthritis
muscles. ACh does this by releasing into the SA node, the action that it involves is that it decreases the rate of the SA node, by increasing the potassium and decreasing calcium and sodium movements. Also, Alka seltzers involves in inhibition of cyclooxygenase, aiding in the production of
Transmission of Pain Signals by the Brain at the Spinal Level Pain has been defined by Coates & Hindle as an unpleasant emotional and sensory experience which signals a potential or actual damage to tissues (2011, p. 213). Pain is a common human experience and can emanate from injury and illness. There are two main types of pain; acute pain is short-lived, lasting for minutes or several days and its onset often takes place rapidly. It results from the activation of pain nerve endings or nociceptors