The most common form of a primary cell is the Leclanche cell, invented by a French chemist Georges Leclanche in the 1860s. The electrolyte for this battery consisted of a mixture of ammonium chloride and zinc chloride made into a paste. The negative electrode is zinc, and is the outside shell of the cell, and the positive electrode is a carbon rod that runs through the center of the cell. This rod is surrounded by a mixture of carbon and manganese dioxide
strongly affects the rate as you will see in the results, so we have to try and keep it the same throughout the experiment. The reaction we are studying is very easy to monitor and time. All of the products in the solution dissolve into it (sodium chloride, sulphur dioxide and water), apart from sulphur, which makes the solution go cloudy, and forms a precipitate. This can be written down as s-1for example 15.7 s-1means 15.7 per second is the rate of the reaction. The rate is generally measured
Reactions Between HCL and Marble Chips Planning I have decided to investigate the effect of different concentrations of hydrochloric acid on marble chips. I want to see how long it takes for 30cm of carbon dioxide to be given off once the acid and marble chips start reacting. I carried out a preliminary experiment to see what sort of time ranges I was going to expect because I wanted to get the concentration levels right otherwise I could have been waiting for a long time. I didn't have
a German chemist, improved Oersted's process by using metallic potassium. He was the first to measure the specific gravity of aluminum and show its lightness. In 1854 Henri Sainte-Claire Deville, in France, obtained the metal by reducing aluminum chloride with sodium. Aided by the financial backing of Napoleon III, Deville established a large-scale experimental plant and displayed pure aluminum at the Paris Exposition of 1855. Aluminum is a lightweight, silvery metal. The atomic weight of aluminum
alkenes, providing enantiomeric excesses that regularly reaching 90% and sometimes exceeding 98% . The chiral manganese complex Jacobsen utilized was [(R,R)-N,N'-Bis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylidene)-1,2- cyclohexanediaminato-(2-)]-manganese (III) chloride (Jacobsen's Catalyst). (R,R) Jacobsen's Catalyst Jacobsen's catalyst opens up short pathways to enantiomerically pure pharmacological and industrial products via the synthetically versatile epoxy function . In this paper, a synthesis of Jacobsen's
similar to the dry cell we use today. The positive pole is a rode of carbon embedded in a black manganese dioxide (MnO2) and Carbon particles and the negative electrode is made of zinc. The electrolyte consists of a mixture of ammonium chloride and zinc chloride made into a paste. This sits in between the negative and positive electrodes, which acts as an ionic conductor. When the cell is in use, atoms of the Zinc in the outer case are oxidized, giving up electrons and forming zinc ions. Zn
to the solution. The freezing point of H2O becomes lower as more particles are added until the point where the salt can no longer dissolve. For a solution of table salt (sodium chloride, NaCl) in water, this temperature is -23°C with precise laboratory situations. In real conditions, on a pavement or road, sodium chloride can only melt ice down to approximately -14°C, though this is still effective when combatting the ice. Freezing point depression is a colligative property of H2O. Colligative properties
DESCRIPTIVE TITLE The Effect of Different Amounts of Sodium Chloride on the displacement of oxygen. INTRODUCTION The dependability of the rate of an enzyme-mediated reaction is based on two factors: the substrate concentration and the concentration and action of the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction (Vander, et. al., 2001). Enzymes are catalysts that produce chemical reactions in cells. Enzymes which are large proteins perform a reaction which acts upon a substance known as a substrate. When
concentration changes on the position of equilibrium Requirements: Potassium thiocyanate, KCNS (0.5g) Iron (III) chloride FeCL3, (0.5g) Ammonium chloride NH4CL, (0.2g) Potassium iodine KI, (0.2g) Sodium hydroxide NaOH, 2M, (1mL0 Acidified hydrogen peroxide H2O2, 20 volume (1mL) Concentrated hydrochloric acid HCL, (0.5mL) Ammonia NH3, 2M, (1mL) Ammonium chloride NH4CL, (2g) Phenolphthalein (1mL) Test tubes and rack White tile Spatula Teat pipette Procedures:
The Effect of Sodium Chloride on a Potato Chip To investigate what happens to a potato chip's weight when placed in different concentrations of Sodium Chloride INTRODUCTION:~ ============== Osmosis is defined as 'the movement of water molecules from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration, across a semi-permeable membrane' (Collins, 1999). A semi-permeable membrane is a membrane that partially allows liquid to pass through. In the case of the experiment
a cloudy liquid of sodium chloride, water, sulphur (this makes the liquid cloudy), and it gives of the gas sulphur dioxide. A precipitate of sulphur is made. Sodium + hydrochloric = sodium + water + sulphur + sulphur Thiosulphate acid chloride dioxide The Chemical reaction happens as the particles collide because they have energy. As they collide they make, sodium chloride, water, sulphur, and sulphur dioxide
The Enthalpy Values for the Reaction Between Calcium Carbonate and Calcium Oxide with Hydrogen Chloride [IMAGE] H3 [IMAGE]CaCO3 (s) CaO (s) + CO2 [IMAGE] [IMAGE] H1 HCl H2 HCl CaCl2 (aq) Results ======= Variables of CaCO3 ================== Mass of CaCO3 + weighing bottle 3.302 g Mass of empty weighing bottle 0.831 g Mass of CaC03 used 2.471 g Temperature of acid initially 18 C Temperature of solution
An investigation into whether the voltage affects the amount of gas produced during the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution. Prediction: I think that hydrogen gas will be produced due to the half equation 2H +2e àH this will be produced at the cathode because opposites attract and the hydrogen ions are positive. At the anode I think that chlorine will be produced due to the half equation 2CL -2e àCL the chlorine ions are negative so they are attracted to the positive electrode. I also think
The Effect of Concentration of Hydrochloric Acid on the Rate of Reaction with Magnesium Aim: To investigate the effect of concentration of hydrochloric acid on the rate of reaction with magnesium Prediction: As the concentration of the hydrochloric acid increases, so will the rate of reaction Hypothesis: In a reaction, particles of two different reactants react together to form a product. The reaction only takes place on account of two things, if the particles collide, and if
The Rate of Electrolysis Of Copper Chloride Solution Introduction We are going to find out what things affect the rate of Electrolysis and to find this out we will use Copper chloride salt dissolved in water to form a solution. The salt is dissolved in water becausechemical compounds when in a molten state or when dissolved in water exist in the form of ions that are capable of movement, meaning their molecules become dissociated into positively and negatively charged components, which
*LoggerPro *salt *Vernier Temperature Probe *stirring rod *ring stand *100 ml of 1M calcium chloride *utility clamp *100 ml of 1M magnesium chloride *one test tube *100 ml of 1M sodium chloride *600-ml beaker *100 ml of 1M potassium chloride *water *100 ml of 1M lithium chloride *triple-beam balance *weighing dish *PROCEDURES: 1. Put about 400 ml of water and only 5 to 6 ice cubes into
CHAPTER 3 EXPERIMENTAL DETAIL 3.1 PVC MODELS 3.1.1 FABRICATION OF PVC PIPE STEAM BATH The description of Items used in making PVC Pipe Steam Bath and their quantity is mentioned in Table 3.1. As shown below, we need 23 Feet long PVC pipe and 16 PVC fitting (L & T shape joint), Soft and crack resistant polythene and wooden steam hose. Table 3.1: Bill of material for PVC Pipe Steam Bath Item Description
Biology: Separation of Proteins Lab Report 1: Separation of Proteins Abstract/Summary: “Proteins account for more than 50% of the dry weight of most cells, and they are instrumental in almost everything organisms do” (Campbell, 1999). The significance of proteins to the continuation of our biological systems is undeniable, and a study of how to quantify proteins seems an appropriate introduction to our studies of biology. In order to study proteins we must first know how to separate then quantify
Whether the strength of Hydrochloric acid will affect the speed of the rate of reaction when reacting with Magnesium Ribbon. I want to find out whether the strength of Hydrochloric acid will affect the speed of the rate of reaction when reacting with Magnesium Ribbon. Variables There are two important independent variables in my investigation the first of which is the concentration of the Hydrochloric Acid used during the investigation. The concentration of the acid will partly determine
Sodium Thiosulphate & Acid Planning To ensure that this experiment is safe, I have taken some precautions. I wore goggles at all times, made sure not to spill any chemicals such as the acid onto skin or clothes, and to be aware of glass. I have used various different apparatus, including two measuring cylinders, one 25ml, and the other 50ml. I used a 150ml chronicle flask and a stopwatch. Here is a few diagrams of these apparatus. What I Will Vary, Not Change To Keep A Fair Test &