"Persistent female choice for a particular male trait values should erode genitive variance in male traits and thereby remove the benefits of choice, yet choice persists” (Miller, Christine and Allen Moore). This phenomenon is know as the Lek Paradox and has puzzled scientists for many years. Throughout all species there has been abundant evidence showing continuous female choice of male traits, yet there is still no definite answer as to what allows for genetic variance to be maintained, and why
Research question: Is there a relationship between the winning time and the body mass index of a 100 meters Olympic athlete. Introduction: Athletics is a world renowned sport that is played, watched and loved by millions. I was introduced to this sport about five years ago by a coach who demanded that I join the sport. At the time I did not understand why I was being drafted into the sport. But my colleague said it was because of my average body mass index. Since then I have often wondered whether
Introduction The birth rate for the United States dropped 2 percent in 2008. This puts the US birth rate slightly the replacement level of fertility, 2.1 births per women. While some people express concern about the possibility of a decreasing population, others celebrate the large decrease in teen pregnancy. Preliminary analysis points to the slow economy as the reason behind the falling birthrate. While there seems to be a correlation between recession and lower birthrates this does not prove
the amount of variation of the original variables that they explain (Everitt and Hothorn 2011). The Assumptions of PCA: Linearity- The reduced dimension should represent the linear combination of the original variables. The importance of mean and covariance- There is no guarantee that the directions of the maximum variance will contain good features for discrimination. The large variances have important dynamics- PCA assumes that components with larger variances correspond to interesting dynamics and
Elvis Wagner investigated the use of video texts in testing the listening of ESL students within the experiment exhibited in his article, “The effect of the use of video texts on ESL listening test-taker performance.” While the article itself was based heavily around the experiment conducted to test the effectiveness of video texts in testing listening, Wagner posed very interesting questions which he hoped his findings would portray. Wagner’s first question was the most interesting and asked,
wants to include in the portfolio, the asset return and its risk should be measured and he proposed to use mean return for asset return and risk by asset’s variance of return. Apart of variance and return, Markowitz model also takes into account the covariance between all assets. For this reason, the Markowitz framework is commonly referred to as mean-variance portfolio analysis. Much of the focus has been on mathematical theories behind uncertainty set construction and reformulations resulting in optimization
Summary This report analyses social and economic factors such as, risk of poverty, employment rate and population completed at least upper secondary education. In this report you can find summary of the data, descriptive statistics, correlation and regression analysis, which shows that poverty has a small negative relationship with employment rate and negative relationship with education. Thus, this means if countries would increase employment rate and increase number of people who finish secondary
Methodology 4.1 Iterative Least Square for GPS navigation This chapter describes an experimental of using Iterative Least Square (ILS) with the application of GPS navigation base on Matlab programming software. The psuedorange and satellite position of a GPS receiver at fix location for a period of 812 seconds is provided. The following is a brief illustration of the principles of GPS. For more information see previous chapter. The Global positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-base navigation system
we need the covariance of stock return and market return (i.e. return index). Then variance should be determined. We use formulas for: Covariance Variance R i-stock return R m - market return P-probability As there are 5 states of economy, in our case the probabilities of them can be found by = 0.2 or 20%. Numbers Economic cycles Stock index returns (%) ( ) Stock returns (%) ( ) 1 Growth 2 5 2 Boom 7 6 3 Stagnation -1 4 4 Recession -3 -6 5 Depression -5 -11 Covariance is basically
portfolio allocation with smallest risk. His theory is summarized in the diagram given below. Mathematically, the optimization problem can be solved as follows. Assume that there are n assets. The expected rates of return are µ1,µ2,…,µn and the covariances are σ_(i,j) for i,j = 1,2,3,…,n. A portfolio is defined by a set of n weights wi = 1,…,n that sum to 1. To find minimum-variance, we fix the expected value at µ. Therefore the problem will
• Total risk consists of Systematic and Unsystematic risk, whereby Systematic risk is defined as the variation in returns on securities as a result of macroeconomic elements in a business like political, economics, or social factors. Such fluctuations are related to changes in return of the entire market. Whereas, Unsystematic risk is the risk that arises due to the variation in returns of a company’s security resulting from microeconomic elements, i.e. factors existing in the organisation. • The
‘‘If I have seen farther, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.’’ is very truly coated by Sir Isaac Newton. Ideas gave way to idea. When Marconi invented wireless communication 100 years ago, we had no idea that one day life will seem to be impossible without it. It has penetrated each and every aspect of human life and has resulted into endless demands on bandwidth and spectrum. And by standing on the shoulders of giants, Teletarand Foschinigave the technique of MIMO system which would increase
Psychologists study can result from more than one set of conditions, whether the observations refer to motor behaviors, verbal reports, or biological processes. This implies that the probability of discovering robust relations between a class of incentive and a category of outcome will be enhanced by looking for patterns of measures, rather than focusing on single, usually continuous, variables. (i) Infant temperament Persuasive support for the significance of patterns is found in research on high
a stock 's affectability of profits to changes in the business sector. It is a measure of efficient risk. Beta is a critical measure that is utilized as a key contribution for Discounted Cash Flow or DCF valuations. Recipe for Beta: Beta = B = Covariance of stock to the business sector/Variance of the business sector • If Beta = 1: If Beta of the stock is one, then it has the same level of risk as the stock business sector. Henceforth, if stock business sector (NASDAQ, NYSE and so forth) ascends
Crystallization is one of the oldest unit operations widely used in industries for the separation and purification of solid products. It is a popular operation in majority of industries, including pharmaceutical, food, microelectronics and bulk and fine chemicals. The production process of the majority of all solid products includes at least one crystallization step during the synthesis or purification of intermediates or the final product. Since crystallization is often the first step when the pure
Linear Regression and Correlation Correlation and regression analyses are interrelated in an approach that they both deal with the relationship between variables. Correlation portrays the strength of a relationship between two variables, and is entirely proportioned, the correlation between X and Y is identical as the correlation among Y and X. However, if the two variables are associated it means that when one changes by a definite amount the other changes on an average by a certain amount. While
For this particular case, the behavioural biases that were identified are the “heuristic simplification” by displaying “representativeness” and “anchoring” and “self-deception” by presenting “confirmation”. Representativeness bias characterises the tendency to assess a situation under uncertainty by comparing it to stereotypes or generalities. Consequently, it may be considered as a “mental shortcut” that facilitates individuals evade the need to analyse similar procedures repeatedly (Gilovich and
When it comes to political affiliation, there is always the discussion of conservatives compared to liberals. Currently the U.S. is much divided between those who are liberals and those who are conservatives. Conservatives are described as being disposed to preserve existing conditions, institutions, etc., or to restore traditional ones, and to limit change. Conservatives believe in personal responsibility, limited government, free markets, individual liberty, traditional American values and a strong
The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) Introduction In almost every economics textbook (Ben and Robert, 2001), economists tend to argue: everything’s market price is determined by consumers’ demand and supply in the market, the intersection of which gives us the long-term concept of ‘market equilibrium’. Although it sounds straightforward, it is anything but easy in practice, especially when the assets (like common stock) you are measuring associated with risk and future uncertainties
Competitive Analysis: "Flanking in a Price War" Article Critique The Article "Flanking in a Price War" discusses how an economic experiment and data were used effectively in the Quebec grocery industry. The beginning of the article gives some history of the industry, introduces the major participants, and describes how one firm in particular, Steinberg, used a price cutting strategy to became the dominant player for 30 years. The article then goes on to explain the economic climate that