success of all operations. However, it depends on the ability to make sense of the operational environment and to anticipate those factors that influence operations, both negatively and positively. Unfortunately, the structure and behavior of the systems that commonly comprise these factors suggest that making sense of operational environments is a “wicked problem”. A systematic examination of the population, the insurgency, and the counterinsurgent using the eight OE variables is critical to the
Hazard mitigation is an important plan for societies and communities to devise, that can prepare them for various types of hazards. The mitigation process involves actions that can help to reduce or eliminate the risks associated with hazards. The process can have many positives to it, and with a mitigation plan in place, states will be safer and ready for anything. With any plan, hazard mitigation has certain tools involved. The tools are Preventions, Property Protection, Public Education and Awareness
the role of systems thinking in program planning, implementation, evaluation, and revision relates to: effective uses of information technology in public health practice, sources of inequality that produce health disparities across diverse populations, effective public health leadership, factors of population based health status and behavior, and public health action research. A brief description of systems theory will discuss relatively open and closed systems. How the focal system (area of focus)
The vehicle management section of the military relies on a number of theories in its operations. The unit uses the complexity theory because it deals with machinery and specialty tools/equipment. The theory involves the study of complex systems to develop an in-depth understanding of the indirect effects that it experiences. Moreover, it enables the members to understand how their interactions create human behavior. In addition, it enables the members to understand the role that relationships have
Pathophysiology of Meningitis and Encephalitis Meningitis and encephalitis are two similar infections of the central nervous system that often lead to fatality of the host organism. Both diseases occur when pathogens enter the blood stream and gain access into the central nervous system. Stimulating inflammation within the cranial cavity, the pathogens continue to multiply and take harmful effects on the host. Inflammation, the body’s response to infection, ultimately causes all of the symptoms
The Immune System The immune system defends the body against foreign invaders through a sequence of steps known as the immune response. A network of organs, cells and tissues must work together in order to protect the body. The immune response can be divided into innate immunity and adaptive immunity, though these divisions are artificial and the system functions as a single unit. Organs Involved: Above is a diagram of the organs involved in the immune system Lymphocytes travel through
The lungs are the main organs of the respiratory system. Their function is to regulate gas exchange. They are located in the thorax. They are connected to the trachea which conducts inhaled air through its tubular branches, called bronchi. The bronchi then divide into smaller and smaller branches (called bronchioles). The bronchioles eventually end in small air sacs called alveoli. It is in alveoli that occurs the gas exchange. Lungs are in contact with airway microorganisms and elements like tobacco
extended O-polysaccharide chains out from the bacterial outer membrane acts as a shield which enable the bacteria to get away from the lytic activity provided by the complement cascade. Many gram negative strains require O-polysaccharide as an essential component for the survival in host system as it prevents the attack from complement membrane attack complex (Joiner et al., 1984).
Immunotherapies combat cancer by utilizing the body’s own immune system. By activating the immune system to specifically target cancer cells, many of the side effects of conventional chemotherapies due to the nonspecific killing of healthy cells, such as hair loss, are avoided. The most common non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), which comprises approximately 30% of all new diagnoses.1 The median age of those presenting is mid-60s. The cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin
S.pneumoniae has an enzyme known as autolysin that is responsible for disintegration and disruption of epithelial cells. Furthermore, S.pneumoniae has many essential virulence factors like capsule which is made up of polysaccharides that avoids complement C3b opsonization of cells by phagocytes. Many vaccines contain different capsular antigens which were isolated from various strains (Todar, 2003). There are plenty of S.pneumoniae strains that developed resistance to most popular antibiotics like
zombie virus is introduced to VLP. VLP is proposed to trigger innate immune response resulting in opsonization via C3b, through alternative pathway triggering classical pathway of innate immune system. As a result opsonized particles will be picked up via CR1 and CR2 by DC to introduce it to adaptive immune system and CR1 on erythrocytes and delivered for destruction. The issue is that humoral response will not be effective unless the Fc regions of Ig’s are bound to another molecule. The idea was to develop
It is a system that uses pictographs and phonetic or syllabic elements. The Maya used this sophisticated style to carve symbols into stone. The most common place for writing was the perishable books they made from bark paper, coated with lime to make a fresh white surface. These books were screen-folded and bound with wood and deer hide. They were referred to as codices, however only four remain today because of their perishable nature and Spanish book burning. The Maya writing system was one of
antibodies, number of lysed cells, and C complement activity (Azimzadeh et al., 1996). The results showed that IgM antibodies were produced rapidly in the earliest stage, after which a large number of IgG antibodies were produced. Components of the C cascade were present on the endothelial cells. Th... ... middle of paper ... ....G White. 1995. Endothelial Expression of Human Decay Accelerating Factor in Transgenic Pig Tissue: A Potential Approach for Human Complement Inactivation in Discordant Xenografts
"Hello I'm a Mac, and I'm a PC" (Wikipedia). Many people who watch television or online videos might come across the "Get a Mac" advertisement campaign launched by Apple Inc. personifying the more youthful Justin Long as the cool, hip Mac system and the older, more seasoned John Hodgman as the PC. The "Get a Mac" commercial series depicts the efficiency and user friendliness of Mac while comparing it to the problematic PC. Though the commercial series might seem convincing in favor of the Mac products
molecular defenses, is interferons and complement that destroy invading microorganisms. The complement system entails over 30 proteins formed by the liver and found flowing in serum. Interferons are antiviral proteins formed in reaction to viral infection. Interferons are host cell-specific but not virus specific. Normal microbiota modifies the environment, which can stop the growth of pathogens. Humoral immunity is within body fluids. The humoral immune system encompasses antibodies made by B cells
The Immune System The immune system is a network of organs that contain cells which recognize foreign substances and destroys them. All living organisms are exposed to harmful substances and most can protect themselves in several ways, either with physical barriers or chemicals that repel and kill them. It protects vertebrates against viruses, bacteria, fungi and other parasites. These viruses are called pathogens. The immune system is known to help in the fight against cancer. A type
risk of infection, it works with the human’s body defenses to help develop immunity. A vaccine is made of dead or weakened antigens they help develop immunity by imitating the infection. The vaccine does not cause an actual infection but the immune system recognizes it as a pathogen and produced antibodies in response. So when that particular active antigen enters the body
Immunodeficiency diseases are any diseases that cause an absence or inadequate immune response. They usually effect the immune cells, T-cells, B-cells, complement cells, or phagocytes. Immunodeficiency disease can cause many complications in the body. The compromise of the immune system can eventually lead to death if it is not treated promptly and correctly. A rare immunodeficiency disease that can lead to death is Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome. Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome is a disease that deals with
The antibodies, which the body produces in response to foreign bodies in the blood, in vitiligo patients usually complement their melanocytes causing the antibodies to tag the melanocytes in order to signal that the immune system Miller
or traffic) the more stressed we will feel. Depending on the type of stress we are experiencing, our bodies will respond in various different ways and activate the “fight or flight” reflex. This reflex is a result of our body’s sympathetic nervous system. [1] PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISM BEHIND STRESS [2] There are three phases to the stress response. The first being the “Alarm phase”, which is your acute response to stress (when you get a fright after a friend scares you). The next phase is known as the