trials, the HPV9 vaccine has shown to be superior to the HPV4 vaccine in preventing invasive cervical cancer (ICC). Rethmuiller etal. (2015) found that the HPV9 vaccine could prevent 90% of ICC, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), and anal cancers. In a phase III efficacy trial showed that HPV9 was 96.7% effective preventing > CIN2, vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or 3, and vaginal intraepithelial
The Papanicolaou Test The Papanicolaou test in medical terms can also be known as or be called as the Pap smear, pap test, or smear test. It is a microscopic examination of cell .The purpose of this test is to perceive occurring of precancerous or existing cancerous cells in the opening uterus of the cervix. It also discerns asymmetry in the cells of the cervix (the bottom, narrow end of the uterus.)[1] [2]Dr George Nicholas Papanicolaou was the inventor of this test and therefor the name is
current methods in cervical screening which utilises the Papanicolaou smear (also known as a Pap smear). Limitations in the smear have caused major emphasis to increase sensitivity and specificity whilst also creating an automated screening procedure. The Pap smear was initially introduced in the context of cervical screening in the detection of pre-cancerous lesions of the cervix in 1940’s (Koss, 1989). Cervical screens are vital as research has shown 90% of women with invasive cervical carcinoma could