as well as RO and NF membranes [2~5]. ED is an electrical system utilizing ion exchange membranes. Ion exchange membranes have permselectivity similar to RO and NF membranes [6]. It is very important to understand the mechanism of permselectivity of ion exchange membranes to design ED system. The transport number ratio between target ion and standard ion has been treated to discuss the permselectivity of ion exchange membrane in ED system [7]. Recently, it was found that the ratio of transport
system used in this study. The electrodialysis operation was carried out on a laboratory stack “PCCell ED 64 002” supplied by PCA-Polymerchemie Altmeier GmbH and PCCell GmbH, Heusweiler, Germany. As shown in Fig 3, ED cell is packed with ion exchange membranes (cation and anion), spacers and a pair of electrodes (anode and cathode). Both electrodes are made of Pt/Ir - coated Titanium. The membranes and spacers are stacked between the two electrode-end blocks. Plastic separators are placed between the
moors, and swamps. Thus the accumulated of plants residues and animals and their decomposition products are preserved, resulting in high organic content in soils. They are light in weight, with extremely high water holding capacities (WHC) and have high cation exchange capacity (CEC), it also appeared dark in color (University of Hawai‘i, 2014). Based on Grozav & Rogobete (2010) who studied soil on Romania said that histosols have high compressibility, low bulk density, and high rate of decay upon
Natural or synthetic zeolites are microporous crystalline aluminosilicates,built up of 3-dimensional frame of [SiO4]4- and [AlO4]5-. Zeolites have unique ion exchange and sorption properties. They are widely used in wastewater treatment, construction, act as catalyst, gas separation and ion exchange in industry. Water treatment Zeolites are used in large number of water treatment such as water softening and purification from ammonia, heavy and radioactive metals. Besides that, zeolites are used as
Standard of basic electro dialysis process, Chart demonstrates the layer arrangement with rotating cation-particular (1)and anion-specific (2) layers between two cathodes ((3) and (4)), one at every end of the stack. The drawing demonstrates a film design with exchanging cation-particular (1) and anion-specific (2) layers. A cation-specific film (cation-trade layer) allows just positive particles to move through it. An anion-particular film (anion-trade layer) allows just entry
and Bauman in 1975. According to IUPAC in IC “separation is based on differences in the ion exchange affinities of the individual analytes. If inorganic ions are separated and can be detected by conductivity detectors or by indirect UV detection then this is also called ion chromatography” (Eith 17). IC is a blanket term for various other types of chromatography based on the same principle such as ion exchange chromatography, ion exclusion chromatography, ion pair chromatography, etc. Charged ions can
effective binding compounds. Fungal hyphae on cast surfaces can physically enmesh and stabilize casts, but stabilization is most strongly promoted by drying, which brings the organic and mineral compounds into close association, promoting clay-polyvalent cation-organic matter linkages" (pg. 1743). The factors which influence soil formation, and consequently aggregates, are complexly linked. Each factor interacts, influences, and in turn is dependent upon each other factor. Through this amazingly intricate
TYPES OF SOIL IN MALAYSIA Soil is a natural resource that is vital for living things. Soil is defined as an incoherent mineral and organic material that works as a natural element for the survival of living things. Retallack et al. (1984) proposed that soil is a “material at the surface of a planet or similar body, altered in place by physical chemical or biological agencies, or by a combination of them” (p. 7). Malaysia’s average temperature ranges from 20 degree Celsius to 30 degree Celsius with
Purified water is used as excipients in manufacturing pharmaceuticals and for equipment cleaning, especially product contact surfaces of non-sterile chemicals. Types of purification used to produce this water include Deionisation, Distillation, Ion Exchange, Reverse Osmosis and Filtration. Purified water must meet ionic organic chemical and microbial requirements. The components that produce, store and circulate purified water must be sanitised and monitored frequently to avoid bio films forming. Highly
The term expansive soil indicates to soils, which ahs the tendency to swell when their moisture content is allowed to increase. The moisture may come from rain, flooding, leaking water or sewer lines, or from a reduction in surface evapotranspiration when an area is covered by a building or pavement. The term cracking soils is also used for these soils as they have the tendency to shrink and crack when the moisture is allowed to decrease. Soils containing the clay mineral montmorillonite generally
Till today rice, wheat, and corn, do not form the staple food for the vast majority of Papua New Guineans. Their carbohydrate needs are still fulfilled by sweet potato, taro, yams, sago and bananas. Agriculture began in Papua New Guinea (PNG) about 10,000 years ago as shown by archaeological research where starch was found on stone tools excavated in Kuk in western highlands. It suggested that taro was cultivated in Kuk at that time. A number of staple food crops such as banana, sago, taro, greater
Authentic Leadership Style The concept of authenticity has its roots in Greek philosophy (“To thine own self be true”). Researchers (Harter, 2002; Erickson, 1995) have provided excellent reviews of the origins and history of authenticity within the fields of philosophy and psychology. The term authenticity as used here refers to “owning one’s personal experiences, be they thoughts, emotions, needs, wants, preferences, or beliefs, processes captured by the injunction to know oneself and further
rpm indicating the absence of film diffusion. The conversion of butyric acid was dropped in the presence of added water due to inhibiting effect of water. The maximum conversion of 94.5 % was observed at optimum reaction conditions. Thus, the ion exchange catalyst was found to be very effective for the methyl butyrate synthesis. The Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Hougen-Watson Dual Site (considering reactants and products adsorbed on catalyst surface) heterogeneous model could be successfully applied for representing
carry carboxyl functions and they are known to strongly bind metal cations in aqueous solution and consequently exhibit good capacities to retain metal ions. Because this residue is very sheep
Tropical Rain Forest Soils of La Selva Tropical rain forests across the globe are currently threatened by massive deforestation for logging, grazing, and cultivation (Otzen 1993). Such land-use practices alter temperature regimes (Fernandes and Sanford 1995) as well as ground, soil, and surface water, flora, fauna, and microorganisms (Otzen 1993). These changes may result in a loss of soil organic matter, a decrease in soil fertility (Garcia-Oliva et al. 1994, Tissen et al. 1994), severe soil
lack of water, therefore, the soil must have both water retention properties and good drainage. Moreover, the chemical properties are the most important, it replaceable bases in the soil in which should amount to at least 35% of the total cation exchange capacity (CEC), or else nutritional problems are likely. Cocoa is tolerant of acid soils, providing the nutrient content is high enough. The soil should also have a high content of organic matter: 3.5% in the top 15 centimeters of soil.
worse in true desert area, which annual precipitation is lower than 250mm or even 100mm, like in Sahara Desert in Africa. The soil presence is aridisol, which is infertile with low organic content, low cation carrying capacity and moisture content. Therefore the land soil carrying capacity is very low and cannot handle intensive agriculture activities. In these areas, huge scale of farming is impossible as there is a lack of sufficient and reliable water sources, faming can be practiced
ike the other alkali metals, lithium has a single valence electron that is easily given up to form a cation. Because of this, it is a good conductor of heat and electricity as well as a highly reactive element, though the least reactive of the alkali metals. Lithium's low reactivity compared to other alkali metals is due to the proximity of its valence electron to its nucleus (the remaining two electrons are in lithium's 1s orbital and are much lower in energy, and therefore they do not participate
It is very well known that soils play a key role in agriculture. In the absence of suitable soil we would be unable to grow plants i.e. food crops which are equally important for the continuity of animals as well as humans. There are many different types of soil found in Pakistan but basically they are divided into 25 categories. Soil can be defined in so many different ways but with respect to agriculture one can defined soil as a granular matter or organic mineral which is present on the surface
oxygen content, water storage capacity and microbial and nutritional status of the soil within the plant rooting zone (Amonette and Joseph 2009). The suction effects of pores are reported to create favorable environment for enhanced microbial activities due to holding of rich moistures and nutrients (Josheph et al, 2012). Biochar particles when applied in soils do not get decomposed like any other biomass, and exhibit enhanced sorption and cat-ion exchange capacities and alkaline properties that profoundly