Grey cast iron is the most widely used foundry alloy in the world due to its wide range of achievable mechanical properties, good castability, excellent wear resistance and damping properties, high thermal conductivity as well as low cost (20-40% less than steel) (Xu et al., 2005). It is used in such diverse applications as cookware and musical instruments to auto parts and heavy machineries. Microstructure of grey cast iron is characterized by dispersion of graphite flakes in a ferrous matrix. It
British Case Iron Research Association in 1948 mixed the alloying cerium, nickel and other alloying elements to cast iron, thus resulting in nodular cast iron. Since then, a number of testing on iron cast emerges in order to result in a better quality, one of which is by adding magnesium to cast iron. Based on the result of the metallographic testing, the addition of the magnesium to the cast iron could result in nodular graphite. It is found that the nodular graphite in cast iron based on a laboratory
Iron Ore Processes and History Intro An ore also is a mixture of one or more minerals. We distinguish ore from rock in that a valuable and/or useful material can be mined or extracted from the ore. This material often is a metal. Iron ore, is mined for its iron content. Mining companies sell the ore to manufacturers who extract the iron and use it in producing iron and steel products. The portion of the ore that is not iron is considered a waste or by-product. Even though it is considered
Guest Speaker Kevin Say – Hamersley Iron Draft 2 Kevin was employed by Gimas Australia on the construction of Lostock dam near Maitland, Gimas Australia had a contract with Hamersley Iron in Western Australia. They asked him to go to Western Australia to work for them. When he heard the accommodation would be in a caravan about 16 miles out of Paraburdoo, in the Pilbara, he decided to apply directly with Hamersley Iron for work. He started work there as a grader driver in 1971 when the basic wage
to transport water from higher elevations by building the aqueducts in graduated segments that allowed gravity to push the water along until it reached its destination later using them same idea in lead pipes building them under ground . Cast iron and ductile iron pipe was long and a lower costing alternative to copper before the advent of durable plastic materials but special non conductive fittings must be used where transitions are to be made to other metallic pipes, except for terminal and universal
discovered around 3500 BC in Mesopotamia. In many parts of the world during that period, copper axes and other flat object were made in open moulds made of stone or baked clay. Casting technology was improved by the Chinese around 1500 BC. It appears that iron casting technology in India has been in use from the times of the invasion of Alexander the Great, around 300BC. 1.3 Theory of Casting
start to ensure that you save money in the long term. In addition, it will ensure that you get a set that will be most beneficial to your cooking while lasting for many years. Materials The most common materials for cookware are stainless steel, cast iron, copper and aluminum. Each has their own advantages and disadvantages for cookware depending on your needs. Stainless Steel The most commonly used cookware material is stainless steel. Not only is stainless steel cookware affordable for practically
Iron is this starting point for steelmaking which has performed as a backbone to the advancement of modern technology and is vital to the upbringing of the future. It acts as the predominant reason for the industrial revolution. The foundation that is iron, more industrially known as Cast Iron has been given the second honour as it is the one of the cheapest materials for engineering, when taken to molten temperatures it gains the ability to be cast into intricate shapes. Cast Iron has been sub-divided
Metal Ore An ore is any kind of rock or mineral from which a metal can be profitably extracted. Metals are rarely found uncombined (as elements) in nature. They are nearly always present in the forms of compounds, often where the metal is chemically joined with oxygen. Only the most unreactive metals, like silver and gold will be found pure. The most common metals are oxides and sulphides. Ores are rocks from which we extract metals. Metals are found naturally in rocks called ores. They
company. It is highly specialised. The products have to meet certain standards and levels. It consists of four distinct stages (production of cast iron; casting; finishing; and enamelling). The process thus is a distinct and orderly method. In addition there is the factor of the presence and remoteness to raw materials (in this case pig iron and recycled iron). Also the production process needs appropriate specialised equipment to support the highly specialised stages of production. Beside Le Creuset’s
furnaces greatly improved iron work. The modest blacksmith in the early middle ages only had a forge to make wrought iron. The invention of the blast furnace allowed blacksmiths to create hotter fires that improved the effectiveness of introducing carbon to iron in the smelting process. Later on Blast furnace improvements The blast furnaces made in the medieval era were often made of clay. It was shaped like a chimney and allowed late medieval blacksmiths to create stronger iron much faster. Medieval
Quenching (heat treatment process): The process of heating a metal to its higher temperature and cooling it rapidly is called as quenching. Ferrous alloys after quenching produce a harder metal whereas non-ferrous alloys produce a softer than normal metal after quenching process. Effects of quenching on the structure of parental material: When carbon steel is heated above the critical temperature, the carbon diffuses into steel to form a uniform structure called Austenite. When quenching process
Banded Iron Formations and evolution of the atmosphere The time between the formation of the earth and the beginning of the Cambrian(about 570mya) is a 4000 my long period known as the Precambrian, this includes approximately 90% of geological time of which we know very little about as pre-Cambrian rocks are poorly exposed, many have been eroded or metamorphosed and fossils are seldom found. The Precambrian has been divided into 3 Eons: 1.Hadean (4600-3800 mya of which there is no rock record) 2
previous engine block models of cars, most were made of iron material, but nowadays engine blocks are manufactured from lightweight aluminum alloy materials to reduce the weight of the car which contributes in good performance (This is mainly found in sports cars), also the cars which have aluminum engine blocks consumes less fuel by producing less emission than those which have iron engine blocks .But in general view ,most of the cars use iron engine blocks because they are cheap...
San Fabian Case Study Questions for San Fabian: 1) What does San Fabian bring to its relationship with MacDowell? Do you think San Fabian has been a good distributor for MacDowell? Why? - Experience navigating heavy corruption through the Philippines’ political and economic system - National coverage that was partially built up to support the MacDowell product line - Strong brand name built on decades of high-quality service and products - Exclusive-only basis approach to distribution
this is called ore benefaction. This is when the concentrated copper gets refined. The concentrate is dried and sent into a reverberatory furnace. The minerals are partly oxidized and melted, resulting in isolated layers. The matte layer refers to the iron-copper sulfide mixture which sinks to the bottom. The slag, which refers to the remaining impurities, floats on top of the matte and the discarded. Sulfur dioxide gases are also collected and made into sulfuric acid for use in hydrometallurgical leaching
usually added to brass. The most common element using in this situation is lead, which improving the machinability with The machinability of copper and copper alloys is improved by lead, sulfur, tellurium, and zinc while it deteriorates when tin and iron are added. Lead in brass alloys with concentrations around 2 wt%, improves machinability by acting as a microscopic chip breaker, and tool lubricant, while they increase the brittleness of the alloy [17]. Lead additions are used to improve machinability
Primary Process is changing a raw material into a standard stock. This is a rather ambiguous definition as some processes can be a primary process or secondary process depending on the product being produced. For example pig iron from a blast furnace can be standard stock (for cast iron) or it can be sent to a BOS furnace for further processing into steel, which is the standard stock in this case. Some basic examples of primary processes are: Wood Trees are cut down from native, regrowth or plantation
Introduction The metal that I have decided to investigate is copper.This is because copper is a very versatile,in terms of properties and uses in our everyday lives.From construction pipes to electrical cables,there’s no limit to what copper can’t be used for.Fortunately Australia is resource rich in copper,as being the second largest exporter in the world.However these do come at a price,as copper can have environmental impacts and can cause irreversible damage.In this report,the properties and
common use. Found in nature, metals come in the form of oxide ores, meaning they are a compound of oxygen mixed with a mineral containing a valuable constituent such as metal. Metals can also corrode and wear away by oxidation. Common metals include iron, copper, steel, tin and bronze. Metal is seldom used in its chemical pure state. It is often mixed with other metals or elements to modify its properties for a particular purpose. These are called alloys. An example of this would be copper plus a small