The link between the number of carbon atoms in a fuel with the amount of energy it releases Alcohols generally belong to compounds whose molecules are based on chains of carbon atoms. They usually contain one oxygen atom, which is joined to a carbon atom by a singular bond. This makes them different to other compounds. The oxygen atom is joined to the hydrogen atom as well as the carbon atom, which makes the oxygen a part of a hydroxyl group. These atoms are generally a part of a hydrocarbon chain
lead to the development of synthetic anabolic steroids. The word steroid simply means a class of "drugs". Steroids are hormones synthesized by cholesterol. All steroids are a four-ring carbon structure. All steroids share the number 17-carbon atom. The number of carbon atoms attached to the number 17 atom determines the differences in types of steroids, and by the way that hydrogen, oxygen, and hydroxyl groups are attached ("Anabolic Steroid Abuse" 52). People use steroids for many reasons
suicide does have its merits. Before you people start screaming, hear my case out. Most people argue that nothing justifies the taking of someone's life. Yet what makes life so valuable? Why do people cling to it so? All we consist of is a bunch of carbon atoms, bound together to form an exoskeleton, organs, and tissue. In this light, there really is not much to life. Out of the 5 billion who inhabit the planet, very few of them shall emerge to be true world leaders. The rest will just lead a mediocre
only be formed under the influence of the "vital force" in the bodies of animals and plants. Wöhler's synthesis dramatically proved that view to be false. Organic chemistry focuses on carbon and following movement of the electrons in carbon chains and rings, and also how electrons are shared with other carbon atoms and heteroatoms. Organic chemistry is primarily concerned with the properties of covalent bonds and non-metallic elements, though ions and metals do play critical roles in some reactions
ketones; that is, they are molecules with more than one hydroxyl group (-OH), and a carbonyl group (C=O) either at the terminal carbon atom (aldose) or at the second carbon atom (ketose). The carbonyl group combines in aqueous solution with one hydroxyl group to form a cyclic compound (hemi-acetal or hemi-ketal). Monosaccharides are classified by the number of carbon atoms in the molecule; trioses have three, tetroses four, pentoses five, hexoses six, and heptoses seven. Most contain five or six. The
also known as exhaust, and from fuel being evaporated into the atmosphere. The next step is to get a better understanding of the combustion process. The gasoline that we use to put into our cars are made of a mixture of hydrocarbons, hydrogen and carbon atoms. When we put the gasoline into our car, what is supposed ... ... middle of paper ... ...s, an alternative solution needs to be made. We need to stop looking at cost efficiency in this matter and decide what is more important, a healthy world
are joined together by condensation reactions and hydrolysis reactions split macromolecules down into their individual units. Carbohydrates are molecules that contain elements of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Carbohydrates have a 2:1 hydrogen to oxygen ratio, there are twice as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms (the same proportion as in water). Carbohydrates are categorised in three many groups: Ø Monosaccharide – monomers and therefore contain single surgar. Ø Disaccharide – contain
in enthalpy of combustion for a number of alcohols, the enthalpy of combustion being the 'enthalpy change when one mole of any substance is completely burnt in oxygen under the stated conditions'. I will be attempting to find how the number of carbon atoms the alcohol contains effects the enthalpy change that occurs during the combustion of the alcohol. Method I plan to measure the enthalpy change by burning the alcohol, using a spirit burner, I will then use the heat produced during the combustion
degrees F). In the past benzene was obtained from the distillation of coal in the absence of air. Today most benzene is made syntheticallyfrom petroleum products. The benzene is a closed ring of six atoms connected by bonds that resonatebetween single and double bonds; each carbon is also bound to a single atom. Benzene isinsoluble in water but mixes in all proportions with organic . Benzene is itself an excellentsolvent for certain and for most simple organic chemicals. It is one of the most commonly
is a synthetic (man-made) material known as a Polymer. A polymer is a chain that is made up of many similar molecular groups, better known as ‘monomers’ that are bonded together. ‘Monomers’ are made up of fourteen Carbon atoms, two Nitrogen atoms, two Oxygen atoms and ten Hydrogen atoms. A single Kevlar polymer chain could possibly have anywhere from one to five million monomers bonded together. A group of polymer chains can be organised together in a fiber. How the polymer chains are put together
of Artificial Diamonds Diamonds are very unique. Their hardness and beauty have enticed people for many years. Now some of the same attributes that make them appealing also make them useful. To understand these attributes the chemistry of carbon is very important. This unique chemistry is what makes them so hard to make. Much research has gone into the making of diamonds and this has led to many successes in the field. These discoveries have led to machines and processes that make diamond
element in the top left corner. The atomic number can also be known as the Proton number of an element. The electron configuration of an atom is the representation the arrangement of electrons that are distributed among the orbital shells and subshells - http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Inorganic_Chemistry/Electronic_Configurations There are two types of bonding in atoms, one is Ionic and the other is Covalent. Ionic bonding occurs when a positive ion and a negative ion are attracted and join together, thus
ability to bond with others. When an atom experiences and goes through the process of hybridizing, the electron model is modified to depict it using special orbitals to form new molecules. Since it is already known that only valence electrons are used in atom or molecule bonding, only outside, valence orbitals change. Therefore, hybridization does not add or remove any original orbitals associated with an atom but only refigures them. There are five types of atom hybridization: sp, sp2, sp3, dsp3,
composition of O in this compound is roughly 88.9%. Furthermore, the molecular formula is the number and types of atoms that are existing in a single molecule of a substance. The empirical formula also known as the simplest formula is the ratio of elements present in the compound. The key difference between these two is that the empirical formula shows the simplest positive integer ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound whereas the molecular formula of a compound is a way ... ... middle
covalent bond by accepting a pair of electrons is called an electrophile. Any molecule, ion or atom that is electron deficient in any way can behave as an electrophile. In contrast, any molecule which forms a covalent bond by donating a pair of electrons is called a nucleophile. Nucleophiles are usually rich in electrons and seek out positive atoms or molecules, which is usually located in the nucleus of an atom – hence the name Nucleophile. If we look at the structure of benzene, we can see that although
Chemical Bond: The attraction between two or more atoms to formulate a chemical substance, this bond is due to the electrostatic force of attraction between electrons of opposite charges, or this bond is due to a dipole attraction is called a chemical bond. Types of Bonds: The force of attraction as well as chemical properties in atoms or molecules of elements or compounds contrives three different types of chemical bonds. 1. Ionic Bonding: The bond which generates
used in onboard vehicles. In addition, amides and imides produce ammonia as the effluent. The LiBH4 and NaBH4 have a very high gravimetric storage capacity of up to 18 wt%. However, desorption temperature of 673 K is required to remove the hydrogen atoms. Thus these complex metal hydrides are not promising materials for hydrogen storage (Satyapal et al (2007 & Durbin & Malardier-Jugroot
the nucleophiles attack the carbons of a carbon-halogen bond. Once the nucleophile attacks the carbon, it takes over the carbons position, causing them to switch. This is caused by the electron pairs on the nucleophiles is attracted towards the small positive charge on the electron. For example,
The Knorr synthesis of the pyrrole, 2,4-diethoxycarbonyl-3,5-dimethylpyrrole, was achieved using an α-amino ketone, ethyl acetoaminoacetate and reacting it with its predecesso r, ethyl acetoacetate in a double condensation reaction . The product was analysed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, mass spectrometry and IR spectroscopy giving positive results . Introduction Pyrrole has been a molecule of great interest due to its heterocyclic aromatic properties. The lone pair on the nitrogen is delocalised within
and hard. The excellent processing and physical properties make this thermoplastic material very suitable that’s why it is used in many applications. It is a vinyl polymer which has long hydrocarbon chain and phenyl group attached to every other carbon atom. It is formed or produced by polymerization of vinyl which should be a free radical. This polystyrene is a component of type of hard rubber which is also called poly(styrene-butadiene-styrene). Polystyrene will take more volume in landfill than