chemical pathways through which photosynthesis can occur: C3, C4, and Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM). These pathways happen during the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis. The CAM pathway has developed in plants that live in arid conditions, yet the C3 and C4 pathways can coexist in many different environments. What is interesting about these two pathways is that the C4 pathway seems to be more effective at producing sugars and fixing carbon than the C3 pathway. Why is it then that the C3 pathway is
“six molecules of carbon dioxide and six molecules of water as starting ingredients (or” reactants”), and then on the right is a molecule glucose and six molecules of oxygen as product” (Krogh, 2011, p.142). In the middle of the equation is the energy that comes from the rays of the sun. The sunlight is the most important and the driving force behind the entire process. Krogh, D. (2011). Biology: A guide to the natural world (Custom Vol. I). San Francisco, CA: Prentice Hall. C4 plants are will grow
chloroplasts of the plant. The Calvin cycle occurs in the liquid of the chloroplasts of the plant, called the stroma. The light dependent reactions use water, absorbed through the roots of the plant, carbon dioxide from the air, and light from the sun as the reactants. The Calvin cycle uses NADPH, ATP, and carbon as the reactants. In the light-dependent reactions, the electron released from water travels through the photosystems and the electron transport chain in the thylakoid membrane, then attaching
2013). The Calvin cycle is made up of three stages: 1. Carboxylation of Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP). In which a molecule of CO2 is covalently bonded to a molecule of RuBP forming the first stable intermediate 3-Phosphoglycerate. It is from this 3 carbon product that the name C3 photosynthesis comes from. This reaction catalysed by the enzyme Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (Rubisco) 2. Reduction of 3-phosphoglycerate to the carbohydrate glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, utilizing the
which fix carbon dioxide on Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate(RuBP) in the process of photosynthesis. Rubisco is found in the stroma of chloroplast and cytoplasm of photosynthetic bacteria (Keys, 1986). The availability of Rubisco in both plants and archaea-bacteria makes rubisco the most plentiful protein in the world (Helmenstine, 2016). Rubisco’s active site is specific to RuBP, carbon dioxide and oxygen. Rubisco is called carboxylase/oxygenase because it can either catalyze carboxylation (carbon fixation)
2. State of knowledge 2.1 fermentation process and its residues 2.1.1 Fermentation process Fermentation is widespread used for extracting energy and commonly choose the materials with high concentrations of sugars / carbohydrates as substrates for the fermentation process. Fermentation is a metabolic and reduction process that converts organic compounds to methane, ethanol, lactic acid, lactose and hydrogen isolated from oxygen while the by-product is the fermentation residue. Fermentation process