have played such a vital role in everyday medicine that it is such an important topic. Penicillin works by virtue of its beta-lactam ring that specifically binds to microbial enzymes in bacterial cell walls, and keeps the cell membrane structures from linking up. Eventually, if the bacterium keeps dividing, the cell membrane will become increasingly weaker and lyse. The beta-lactam ring is very simple in and of itself, but its ability to remain potent with several different functional groups attached
microbiology lies the bacterial cell, one that differs from those of a plant or animal because it lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles which, in turn are traded for pili, flagella, and in some cases a cell capsule. Bacteria that are capable of causing illness or disease are called pathogens, pathogens work by releasing toxins in the body or directly damaging the host’s cells. An article by Lise Wilkinson explains that the earliest categorizations of bacterial cells first occurred in the
all around used staining technique in bacteriology lab. Gram staining was firstly presented by Christian Gram in 1883. This method is utilized to distinguish between gram positive and gram negative bacteria which have consistent differences in their cell wall. Gram positive bacteria stain blue-purple and gram negative bacteria stain pink-red. There are a few objectives as to why we ought to do this experiment; to gain knowledge of the differences between gram positive and gram negative bacteria, develop
bubbling. The lactose test resulted in a color change from pink to yellow, as seen in Figure 7. Discussion The gram stain of the unknown microbe showed purple bacilli, confirming the gram-reaction as positive. This is due to the cellular structure of the cell wall, in which the thick layer of peptidoglycan holds crystal violet dye during the staining process and is not decolorized (K. Rudolph. [Clemson University, Clemson, SC], personal communication). The gram-reaction was further confirmed by
In today's medicine, correctly and quickly identifying a patient's illness is essential for proper treatment. In order to execute this, biochemical tests of various magnitudes are used to identify what a patient may be infected with. In our lab, we received an unknown sample of urine. After several biochemical tests, we determined our unknown specimen to be Enterobacter aerogenes. This particular bacterium is gram-negative, with rod shaped morphology. In order to determine whether our specimen
merely looking at it. Many bacteria have the similar appearances in growth. “In most cases, detection is based on the reaction of an enzyme with a certain substrate” (Sigma-Aldrich). Identification is usually based on the results of the bacterium’s cells metabolic capacities. Some bacteria are harmless and are part of our normal flora. While other bacteria are capable of causing diseases or death. In order to determine what type of bacteria is present, a set of biochemical test must be performed. With
Microbial pigments have antioxidant activity because of their biological functions.and these pigments are Carotenoid ,naphthaquinone,and Violacein. Bacterial pigment plays role as antioxidant by inhibiting photodynamic lipid peroxidation in liposome and give protection against photodamage (Rajagopal et al. 1997).Xanthomonadin is example of this bacterial pigment. Yellow pigment from Staphylococcus aureus which is called as staphyloxanthin.it prevents CCl4 induced oxidative stress in swissalbino
The dichotomous keys show process of elimination taking place and several steps that were performed to the two unknown bacteria. Bacteria number one was concluded to be either S. aureus or E. faecals. As shown, a gram stain was performed to bacteria 1, because it helped in separating the bacteria into Gram negative or positive. Bacteria 1 was Gram positive bacteria, so the next step was to eliminate the bacteria that were bacilli, because under the microscope the bacteria was shown to be cocci. Then
Results The unknown bacterium that was handed out by the professor labeled “E19” was an irregular and raised shaped bacteria with a smooth texture and it had a white creamy color. The slant growth pattern was filiform and there was a turbid growth in the broth. After all the tests were complete and the results were compared the unknown bacterium was defined as Shigella sonnei. The results that narrowed it down the most were the gram stain, the lactose fermentation test, the citrate utilization test
typically when you’re sick, you go to the doctors. If your doctor happens to suspect that you may have an infection, he or she may order to have a culture, and/or a gram stain done to check for bacteria. If it happens to be that you do have a bacterial infection, your doctor can then have a gram stain done on the bacteria to see if the bacteria in your infection are gram negative or gram positive bacteria. A gram stain can be performed on various types
After gram staining, it was revealed that unknown 1 microscopic morphology was Gram positive cocci in clusters Staphylococcus epidermiclis. When observed under the microscope, the bacteria’s morphology displayed a purple color, round shape, and clustered together like bundles of grapes. It was difficult to locate the specimen due to the student’s lack of experience with using the microscope. The student forgot to use the stage clip to hold the slide in place, which made it difficult to control
Viruses are not considered living organisms because they have a single viral structural. This means viruses are not cells because they have no nucleus, organelle, or cytoplasm, and no genetic material. Having none of these characteristics viruses cannot be considered a living cell because they do not metabolize, respond to stimuli or reproduce on their own. They have to infect a living cell by entering a l host to reproduce more of its self. 2. Label the parts of a typical virus. Know the function of
The cause of acute, persistent, or relapsing clinical infections is often due to multidrug resistance and/or antibiotic tolerance. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a widespread, opportunistic, gram-negative, bacterial pathogen that readily develops multidrug resistance and is responsible for causing acute and persistent infections (Starkey et al, 2014). P. aeruginosa thrives in moist environments, primarily as waterborne and soil-borne organisms (Chen, 2015). It is found on medical equipment including catheters
Endospores Endospores are highly differentiated cells (unique from other cells) that are resistant to heat, harsh chemicals, and radiation.They are in the dormant stage of the bacterial life cycle but can rapidly convert back and forth between a vegetative cell (activation, germination, outgrowth). Endospores are present only in some gram-positive bacteria such as bacillus and clostridium. Endospores are
Antibiotics are powerful substances which are capable of inhibiting bacterial growth. Antibiotics can be consumed from any part of the body. Essentially there are two different types of antibiotics which perform different operations to the body. (Medical News, 1) The first discovered type is bactericidal, which not only inhibits but initially eliminates the bacterial or microbial organisms, this is done through exterminating the bacterium cell wall which furthermore erupts and causes the bacteria to be killed
Describe the structure and life processes of bacteria. Bacterial cells, like plant cells, are surrounded by a cell wall. However, bacterial cell walls are made up of polysaccharide chains linked to amino acids, while plant cell walls are made up of cellulose, which contains no amino acids. Many bacteria secrete a slimy capsule around the outside of the cell wall. The capsule provides additional protection for the cell. Many of the bacteria that cause diseases in animals are surrounded by a capsule
lipid (fat) or hints of different substances. Infections are not cells. They are little particles that increase just inside living cells. Phages can't reproduce or engender outside their host cell, phages are not helpless to anti-infection agents, phages are omnipresent, phages are the most plenteous life-structure on earth, phages can get by in pretty much any environment, and they can be discovered both inside and outside bacterial cells. There are two fundamental sorts of phage life cycles:
as pathogens. Plant fossils have recorded that land plant’s existence was established 480 million years ago, but molecularly, plant evolution began 700 million years ago. Molecular interaction with microbes and other organisms gave the shape and structure of plants, giving us an idea that microbes also evolve according to its host. Plants lack mobility depriving themselves from a somatic secondary immune response like many mammals giving pathogens the ability to easily attack. Pathogenic microbes
achievements in the 20th century was the invention and mass production of antibiotics. Antibiotics or antimicrobials are chemical drugs that are used to treat a variety of different infectious bacterial diseases by destroying or slowing the growth of the bacteria. Antibiotics are toxic to the target cell but do not harm the host. They are designed to attack various kinds of parasites, fungus, and bacteria. Contrary to popular belief antibiotics do not work against viruses like those that cause the
bacterium, it is important to understand the structure and function of the bacterial mechanism for protein synthesis. A bacterium’s DNA holds the structure of a circular double strand. Like the DNA of any other living organism, it contains the genetic coding for the bacteria. This genetic coding is crucial for the growth, development, and survival of the cell. The bacteria’s DNA contains the proteins required for reproductions, reparations of the cell, and regulations of metabolism. Additionally