Alkaline phosphatase, or AP, is an enzyme that is responsible for dephosphorylation, or removing phosphate groups, of various types of molecules such as proteins and nucleotides. It has a molecular weight of 140-160 kilo-Daltons and as said in the name, alkaline phosphatase works in an environment with pH values ranging from 7.5-9.5, which is an alkaline, or basic, environment. And according to Sigma-Aldrich, alkaline phosphatase can be used to “to dephosphorylate the 5'-termini of DNA or RNA to
In this study, a three step purification of alkaline phosphatase from non-pasteurized milk was reported. It included cream extraction, n-butanol treatment and acetone precipitation. Different parameters like buffer concentration, temperature, pH, substrate concentration, acetone and n-butanol treatment were optimized to maximize the enzyme activity. The enzyme was fruitfully purified upto homogeneity from the milk, with percentage recovery and fold purification of 56.17 and 17.67 respectively. The
2008). Hypophosphatasia has an incidence rate of 1 in 100,000 live births (Brickley and Ives 2008; Wendling et al. 2001). In half of all cases, the condition is fatal. Mutations within the liver/bone/kidney alkaline phosphatase gene (ALPL) that encodes for tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) inhibits the mineralization of bone by causing a deficiency of TNAP (Mornet 2008). Regularly, TNAP is dephosphorylated and the inorganic phosphate that is knocked off is used for hydroxyapatite crystallization
Paget’s disease Paget’s disease (PD), also known as osteitis deformans, is considered to be an osteometabolic disorder. It can be described as a focal disorder of accelerated and disorganized skeletal remodeling that may affect multiple bones in the body, giving rise to progressive enlargement and deformity of the bones and joints.1 PD is prevalent across both the sexes with incidence ranging from 1.5% to 8%.2 It is more common in individuals over 50 years of age. Pathology PD is described by a
Alkaline phosphatase (AP) is an enzyme that can be commonly found in a wide range of organisms, from bacteria to all tissues of human body. It is concentrated in the periplasmic space, which gave rise to the name of periplasmic enzyme. The primary function of AP involves catalyzing nonspecific hydrolysis of phosphomonoester to yield alcohol and phosphate molecules (1). As denoted by its name, AP possesses optimum catalytic activities in alkaline conditions. Escherichia coli (E. coli) functions optimally
The Kinetic Constants of Alkaline Phosphatase were Determined from E. coli K-12 Cells Abstract Alkaline Phosphatase (APase) is an important enzyme in pre-diagnostic treatments making it an intensely studied enzyme. In order to fully understand the biochemical properties of enzymes, a kinetic explanation is essential. The kinetic assessment allows for a mechanism on how the enzyme functions. The experiment performed outlines the kinetic assessment for the purification of APase, which was purified
significance of the results 4.3. Was the original aim achieved 4.4. Conclusion 5. References 1. Introduction 1.1. Aim To determine the kinetic parameters known as Vmax and Km of Alkaline Phosphatase. This will be done by determining and investigating the optimum pH and temperature at which Alkaline Phosphatase function. 1.2. Theory and principles Enzymes are the most efficient catalysts known. (1) Enzymes are biomolecules that catalyze chemical reactions by decreasing the Activation Energy
activating, inhibiting, or relying the signal from a protein to another. The most important proteins in these signaling pathways are kinases and phosphatases. Studies have recently shown important data that proves the interaction of these photoreceptors and some kinases and phosphatases, for example the interaction of phytochromes with PP2A phosphatases (Bissondial, 2005). Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation can activate or deactivate a protein but changing in 3-D conformation and as a result
Billion in US domestic sales in 2000. • 75% of all alkaline battery sales were impulsive purchasing. • AA size batteries accounted for almost 50% of all sales. • The industry was highly competitive, and the three big players were constantly developing new products. • There were three main distribution channels for batteries: discounters, 52.5% of sales; drug stores, 23.8% of sales; and supermarkets, and 23.7% of sales. Industry trends • Alkaline batteries were the preferred by American consumers
light bulb and the alkaline storage battery. Changing the way people live at home. Its almost impossible to live with out those two inventions, especially since love their television and computers. So what was the thinking behind these inventors? What made them want to create the product or invention that they made? As well as most of all, which invention has impacted America the most? First we have to look at the inventions that pave the road for future ones. Such as the alkaline battery. There were
Research Electromotive Force The definition of Electromotive force is the electric potential generated by an electrochemical cell or a changing magnetic field. Electromotive force is also known by the acronym emf, EMF, a cursive letter E or the SI unit that is used for electromotive force, volts. (http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryglossary/g/Electromotive-Force-Definition.htm) Uses for batteries • Toys • Computer mouses • Cars • Off-grid power supply • All battery powered devices. • Hearing
consists of two outer shell electrons. Because of the lack of outer electrons, these elements are highly reactive. Group two electrons have a positive Two charge or +ve. The Group 2 elements are all metals with a shiny, silvery-white colour. The alkaline earth metals are high in the reactivity series of metals, but not as high as the alkali metals of Group 1. These elements are all found in the Earth’s crust, but not in the elemental form as they are so reactive. Instead, they are widely distributed
table. It is located in the second group called the alkaline earth metals. Natural magnesium contains three different isotopes, and there are twelve others that are recognized. Seawater is a rich source of magnesium in the form of salt. Magnesium is the eighth most abundant element in the earth's crust. Magnesium readily ignites upon heating in air and burns with a dazzling white flame. To extinguish the flame water should not be used. Alkaline earth metal salts in general, are less soluble in water
The unique set of elements known as the alkaline earth metals are key components to humanity and life as we know it. Without them, many things that we both love and need would be gone. These remarkably diverse yet very similar elements that make up the alkaline earth metals family are: Beryllium (Be), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Strontium (Sr), Barium (Ba), and Radium (Ra). Although this family is often overshadowed by the infamous alkali metals, you will soon learn how spectacular and brilliant
Strontium. Its name comes from the town Strontian, Scotland where it was discovered. Strontium is a metal and belongs to the alkaline earth metals. “The alkaline earth elements are metallic elements found in the second group of the periodic table. All alkaline earth elements have an oxidation number of +2, making them very reactive. Because of their reactivity, the alkaline metals are not found free in nature” (Bentor). Being in period number five, Strontium has an atomic number of thirty eight which
The enzyme used in the experiments is called alkaline phosphatase. The enzyme was isolated from cow intestine, but can also be found in bone and embryo germ cells. Alkaline Phosphatase cleaves phosphate off any molecule in an alkaline buffer. In order to determine the function, we ran two experiments to study the enzyme. The first experiment we ran to determine the Vmax and Km. We first got our raw data and plotted an absorbance over time graph, then from that information we could graph a Michaelis-Menten
To analyze the activity of alkaline phosphatase at different substrate concentrations, a continuous assay was conducted, where the absorbance (at 400 nm) of the enzyme-substrate solution was monitored and recorded over the course of 70 seconds at 10 second increments. This assay was used to determine the rate at which alkaline phosphatase can dephosphorylate p-nitrophenyl phosphate to p-nitrophenol, which then dissociates to phenolate ion, which causes the solution to turn yellow in a solution at
The practical was carried out to investigate the effect of pH on the reaction of the enzyme acid phosphatase. Of the many functions of proteins, catalysis is by far the most vital. When catalysis is not present, most reactions in the biological systems take place very slowly to produce at an adequate pace for metabolising organism. The catalysts that take this role are called enzymes. Enzymes are the most efficient catalysts; they can enhance rate of reaction by up to 1020 over uncatalysed reactions
Diet Soda: Not Healthy Caramel Colors, Natural Flavors, Aspartame, Phosphoric Acid, these are four of the main ingredients in diet sodas. Although products like caramel colors and natural flavors sound innocent, science weighs in and states otherwise. Research tested on mice, and posted by the federal government’s National Toxicology Program states that long-term exposure to carmel colors can lead to an increase in lung cancer. The term “natural” just means the products are derived from foods found
INTRODUCTION Vitamin B12 is an essential water soluble vitamin that must be carefully regulated to prevent deficiency related complications in the nervous, gastrointestinal, and cardiovascular systems (e). This review begins with a discussion of B12 absorption and role as a cofactor for L-methylmalonyl-CoA mutase and methionine synthase (e). Laboratory findings are interpreted along with associated disease conditions. Finally, assay methods are discussed including blood smear and complete blood