Dynasty and the Abbasid Caliphate in the eighth century CE. These two expanding empires faced mutual enemies in both the Ummayad Caliphate as well as the Byzantine Empire. The Ummayad Caliphate had been disrupting Charlemagne’s empire from Spain; this eventually led to the creation of the Spanish March, a buffer zone intended to control his Muslim enemies. This caliphate also was naturally against the Abbasid Caliphate, as the two different groups each sought to be the dominant Caliphate in the Muslim
The decline of the Abbasids was not a steady of rapid series of events. There were numerous revivals of the Caliphate in which certain strong Caliphs gained more control and influence over the Islamic world than their predecessors had had. However at no point after the death of Harun al-Rahid (reigned 786-809) was the Caliphate ever as powerful. This period is regarded as the Golden Age of the Abbasid Caliphate and was followed immediately by civil war between his sons. Harun’s two sons were called
The many scientific, mathematical, and medical advancement in the Islam Empire during the Abbasid Dynasty in the capital of Baghdad shaped Islam into becoming one of the most influential and intellectual empires. The House of Wisdom brought scholars from all over to Baghdad where they could make new innovations that would influence the surrounding areas such as Europe, and China. These many achievements showed the progression of history as the Islamic Empire thrived in knowledge and shared it with
The Abbasid Caliphate, the Ottoman Empire and the Mongols were all very powerful groups in the history of the Middle East, all using different tactics and techniques to obtain their common goal of conquering and ruling territory. Violence is a common theme throughout history in general, as these three groups follow that tradition, they all use their own form of violence whether it be more physical or verbal and manipulative. Through their journeys of creating brand new communities they discover new
positive aspects of trade, trade is one of the dominant, key factors to the peaks of civilizations such as the Ghana Empire in West Africa, the Tang dynasty in East Asia, the Holy Roman Empire in Western Europe, the Gupta Empire in India, and the Abbasid Empire in the Middle East. Ghana was the first of the three great trading empires to emerge in West Africa. It was founded as early as A.D. 750 by a group of people called the Soninke, although some scholars think that it was founded as many as five
The Effects of the Islamic Expansion on Indian Ocean Trade The period of 650-1000 CE is of great significance to developing Indian Ocean trade. In this essay I will present case studies of material and written evidence to provide a profound insight as to how the Islamic Expansion affected Indian Ocean trade. Wink (1990, 7) states that, “up to the 11th century, the Muslims penetrated the countless kingdoms of al-Hind only as traders”. A century after the prophet’s death, the Islamic rule had expanded
When looking at the Abbasid caliphate, the mere thought of an Islamic age of scientific learning characterizes the time period with several caliphs endorsing the arts passionately. These caliphs, specifically Al Mansur and Haroun Al-Rashid, all looked at the arts with an intense, burning awareness in that their values, priorities, and personality traits that distinguish their reigns differ quite significantly. Despite Haroun Al Rashid’s brief glimpses of rage that changes the view of the audience
Time The Encyclopedia Britannica defines a caliphate as, the political-religious state comprising the Muslim community and the lands and peoples under its dominion in the centuries following the death of the Prophet Muhammad. The three caliphates that ruled had a great deal of influence on Middle Eastern history, because they ruled from the time of Muhammad’s death in 632, all the way to their decline in 1258. During their first two centuries the Caliphates grew rapidly through conquest, to include
existed. These two empires brought back into popularity much of Greek culture and philosophy. There are many similarities that should be compared between the Byzantine Empire and the Islamic Caliphates. The Islamic Caliphates adopted an administrative structure based on Byzantine models. Caliphs of the Abbasid dynasty in Baghdad were absolute monarchs. They assumed new names when they started ruling and claimed divine support for their authority. The decline began when local regimes took up power
conflict. However, in 800 A.D, it was a celebrated metropolis of education, which attracted scholars, scientists and artists from all around the Muslim world. Much of the modern world’s scientific and philosophical knowledge has its roots in the Abbasid caliphate, and Baghdad its capital. Bayt al-Hikma, or the House of Wisdom was founded by Caliph Harun al-Rashid, and formally established by his son al-Mamun during the early middle ages of Europe. Bayt al-Hikma was a distinguished institution where a
during the time of second caliph, Caliph Umar al-Khattab(13-23 AH/ 634-644CE) through his commander, Amru b al-As (18-21AH/ 639-642 CE). He was sent to Egypt in order to expand the political hegemony as well as to find new resources for Islamic caliphate. As prescribed by John Fage (1978): “Islam, a civilization as well as a religion, was the first major external influence upon the course of African history. Within about four centuries of the Arab conquest of North Africa that began with the invasion
When it comes to the modern relationship that Islam shares with both Christianity and Judaism, it is not difficult to recognize mutual hostility. Islamic extremism has been gradually dominating the Western perception of Muslims—in the midst of this, the World Trade Center attacks could only exacerbate the situation. On that account, it was no surprise when these hostile attitudes were unmistakably revealed during the “Cordoba House” mosque controversy at which point in 2010, it was proposed that
by a Caliphate. The Caliphate was the successor to the great prophet Muhammad. Politically, the Caliphate sometimes caused trouble for the stability of the empire. With multiple groups such as the Umayyad and the Abbasid believing the were in charge of the Caliphate led to conflicts and violence. An example of conflict would be towards the end of the Abbasid empire when the death of Harun al-Rashid brought several full scale revolutions. Another example would be at the beginning of Abbasid empire
to the caliphate and divide the Abbasid state. Soon the division would presumably cease to exist, which brings up the argument that Harun al-Rashid establishes this territorial division of nominated his sons to screw up and now not exist or was it not his fault. The Civil War between al-Amin and al-Ma mun arose dramatically
Philosophy of Sufism Mystic interpretation of Islamic life within the bonds of religious orthodoxy is known as Sufism. That is, Sufism represents the mystical trend in Islam. Before explaining Sufism, it is important to explain mysticism and its different types. Mysticism is a practical, spiritual discipline based on the insight of illuminated seekers of truth. The word mystic, which has passed from Greek religion in to European literature, is represented in Arabic, Persian and Turkish. To pointing
The Abbasids tried to manipulate Islamic law by trying to either avoid it or find a way around it to get what they want. The Abbasids called themselves the rightful rulers of the Muslim world because they were descendants of Ali, whom had transferred the right to rule, to them. This gave them more power than anyone else, because they thought of themselves as the chosen ones. Therefore, they did anything they wanted, which included avoiding some laws or finding solutions to get what they want quickly
“In 622, a small community of Muslims gradually migrated from Mecca to Medina” (Cleveland 11) they were in effect kicked out of Mecca because their leader, Muhammad “posed a challenge to the social, economic, and religious structure of the city” (Cleveland 10). By 750, this small group of outcasts had gained power over “an empire that stretched from Morocco to India” (Cleveland 17). The religion of Muhammad, Islam, grew even beyond this first empire and became the driving force behind future expansions
approaches to studying Middle Eastern history. The Cleveland text focuses initially on the formation of Islam and early Islamic history, placing the emergence of powerful early empires like the Umayadd and Abbasid empires as a continuation of the conquests of Muhammad and the Rashidun Caliphate. Throughout most of Parts One and Two, Cleveland and Bunton are particulary concerned with the role religion has played in the region. Gelvin’s introduction, however, states that one of the arguments of his
writers. His Letter to the Secretaries is a classic example, having been quoted and preserved by Ibn Khaldun, an Islamic scholar and political thinker. Al-Hamid Letter to the Secretaries was written during the Umayyad Caliphate (in the form of an epistle of course). The Umayyad caliphate was the first true Islamic empire; its border stretching from Spain to the borders of modern day India. The period from 661 A.D. to 750 A.D. saw marked by territorial expansion and by the bureaucratic problems that
another then the future of Islam could have been destroyed, with no one to lead the Islamic community when they were undeveloped. The diversion of the Muslim community in to two groups was not down to the caliphates but down to the Muslims. They had the wrong idea. Shi’a opposed the caliphate system in favouring Ali. The Qurra never accepted Mu’awiya so Qurra formed a group called the Shi’a. All four caliphs were related to Muhammad in some way.