Free 1st millennium Essays and Papers

Over the years, literature of ancient Greece and Rome has affected art, religion, philosophy, science and mathematics, medicine, drama, and poetry profoundly. It has served as a basic model for the development of later European literatures and, consequently, the writings of the historians, geographers, philosophers, scientists, and rhetoricians are read today as sources of historical information and enjoyment. Alfred Whitehead, the famous British philosopher-mathematician, once commented that: “[A]ll

Evidence of the Celts first came about 400 BCE from Northern Italy. More evidence or encounters were found during the young Roman Empire. Many of the accounts we hear of them come from Greek and Roman writers, such as Julius Caesar and Diodorus. There were various tribes to this group, many of them called Galli by the Romans and Galataoir Keltoi by the Greeks, these terms meant Barbarian. The Greek word Keltoi was what Celts came from, this is the reason the C is pronounced as a K. As languages went

The mysteries of Stonehenge on the Salisbury Plains of England have perplexed human-kind since the beginning of recorded history. Some of the stones weighing as much as 40 tons were said to be transferred from Wales, which was a distance of about 137 miles. With the use of radiocarbon analysis at the site of Stonehenge it has been determined that the monument was built between 3000 and 1500 BC. The original purpose of Stonehenge has been lost in the pages of time, and therefore has been a major

Located in northeast Italy in the Emilia-Romagna region and the capital of the province bearing its name, Ravenna is internationally celebrated for its stunning ancient mosaics and rich history. Ravenna's prosperous past is evident in its wealth of still-standing examples of Byzantine art and architecture. Positioned near the Adriatic Sea on a marshy plain, Ravenna has served as a strategic ?capital three times: of the western Roman Empire, of Theodoric King of the Goths, and of the Byzantine Empire

SPAIN Geography Roughly 85% of the present day Iberian Peninsula is occupied by Spain as Portugal covers the remaining western territory. Discovered by the ancient Greeks around 500 BC, Iberian Peninsula was the name given to the area not described by a single political entity of specific population. Mostly surrounded by water, the eastern coastline of the Peninsula is over 2,059 mi bordering the Mediterranean and 1,653 mi on its west end on the Atlantic ocean. History The oldest remains of human

Modern American culture thrives on the ancient religions of the Greeks and Romans. The Hellenistic myths are kept alive today in the popular culture of the western world. Yet little is commonly known of the religions and myths of the ancient people just to the north of the Romans; the Celts (7). The Celtic region spanned the British Isles, and the north western portion of the European continent from prehistoric times until the Roman invasion in the first century where the region shrunk to Ireland

Anglian and Anglo-Scandinavian Settlement at Cottam Excavation of the Anglian and Anglo-Scandinavian settlement at Cottam B (NGR 49754667) continued in July 1995, directed by Dr J.D. Richards for the Department of Archaeology, University of York. Work focused on a possible 10th-century settlement focus, c.200m NE of the 8th/9th-century site investigated in 1993. Two Norse bells, a 10th-century spearhead and a Jellinge-style brooch had been recovered from this area by metal-detector users, and

One of the most important inventions of all time was the invention of gunpowder. “Imagine their enemy's surprise when the Chinese first demonstrated their newest invention in the eighth century AD. Chinese scientists discovered that an explosive mixture could be produced by combining sulfur, charcoal, and saltpeter (potassium nitrate). The military applications were clear. New weapons were rapidly developed, including rockets and others that were launched from a bamboo tube” (Franklin Institute)

Dating and Locating the Composition of Beowulf Dating and locating the composition of Beowulf is impossible to do with precision at this time because we do not have enough information about the poem’s specific historical context and because the poem is not constructed in such a consistently symbolic way to warrant a single allegorical-historical interpretation.. Estimates of the date of the poem’s composition “range from 340 to 1025, with ca. 515-530 and 1000 being almost universally

Athens Problems with format Three interesting sites in Athens include the Olympieion, Roman Market, and Hadrian?s library.? The emperor Hadrian[1] played an important role in the history and construction of all three of these sites, lending his name to parts of the various structures.? All three sites are located within close proximity of each other, and serve as examples of the vibrant, changing, and extensive history of the city of Athens.? The architectural styles are also definitive of the

1. “Bronze statuette of Aphrodite” Date: late 2nd or 1st century B.C. Culture: Greece This statue of Aphrodite shows the dedication the Greeks had to their gods. The bronze goddess, holding her right arm in the air, gives off a powerful attitude. As the pose itself of the statue is not bland and more active, it gives the impression that this was created during the classical period of Greece when sculpture began having more relaxed, natural poses. The lack of more painstaking muscle and bone structure

Greek Art The portals to immortality-Greek Grave Steles To us who live in modern times the ‘melancholic look’ that we find in the sculpture of cemeteries throughout the world is something we take for granted. Although its authenticity has been lost to us, this so-called look can be traced back to 5th century Greek funerary sculpture. For us it is only natural to associate such a look with death. However, as the above verse elaborates, the Greeks viewed death somewhat differently from the way

Canterbury Field Trip Canterbury is situated in the south east of England in the middle of Kent. It is connected to all main towns around by main roads (started by the Romans nearly 2000 years before) and is the centre of trade and shopping for the southeast. East Kent On the Friday 5th October I took part in a geography field trip to Canterbury. On the day of our field trip the weather was a little over cast with occasional drizzle but not enough to hopefully have put shoppers

All literature has developed out of humanity’s need to relate to each other, themselves, and the world around them. People shared their understanding and interpretations of this world of people, places, and things in order to communicate that which was perceived as important. Presumably, this communication was first born of necessity in survival, and only later developed to increase connection and enjoyment in the experience of life. The lessons and stories that were then imparted came first in

Throughout history, people around the world have interacted with each other. People have explored the lands to see other people’s cultures all around the world. Trade has also played a major part in how cultures have interacted and learned from each other. This especially applied between the years 500 to 1500 AD. The world was doing a lot of trade during this period and because of this, cultures were mixing together and gaining pieces from one another. One way or another the cultures, during the

Artistic Motifs • The Hejia Village Hoard (found near Chang’an) includes vessels with bases in the Sassanian style, a small bowl with lions, ribbon-carrying birds, and pearls (Iranian motifs), a silver cup with a shape suggesting a Sogdian vessel and Western faces, a cup with an eight-lobed shape, a pearl border, and alternating hunters on horseback (Sassanian) and Chinese women with instruments. Some of these vessels are believed to be foreign-made while other are believed to have been made in China

“What gave rise to urbanisation in the Mediterranean region?” What is urbanisation? To ‘urbanise’ is to ‘make (a rural area) more industrialized and urban’ , urban meaning ‘of or living in a city or town’ . Marja C.V. Vink argues that “The word urbanization was used for the first time in Spain a little more than one hundred years ago” to show the “quantitative and qualitative growth if cities” . The degree of urbanisation is quite different when comparing towns or cities of antiquity to the modern

Philippi: A City of Immeasurable Significance Philippi is a city rich in ancient history, and is possibly the most important archeological site of the great plain of eastern Macedonia.? The ancient town has seen the fate of the West played out within its borders on several occasions and majestic ruins left from the town?s extraordinary history testify to the great civilizations that have inhabited the region.? Philippi is most famous for two reasons: it was the scene of one of the most decisive

emperor Augustus, Dionysius of Halicarnaso claimed that they were indigenous inhabitants. The "question Etrusca" remains open, but the key to understanding of this village is not its provenance, but its formation. Seated at the beginning of the first millennium BC in the vast territory of the central Italy Tirrena delimited by the rivers Arno and Tiber, very rich in natural resources, the Etruscans came to occupy, at the time of maximum expansion, large areas of the valley of the Po, up to the Adriatic

Enoch), and the Secret of Enoch (2 Enoch) . A majority of the Book of Enoch was written during the Maccabean revolt, but some scholars state that the latter half of the Book can be dated as early as 1st century BC. 2 Enoch, like 3 Enoch is also tough to date, but it can be dated around the end of the 1st century BC, due to the language it is written in . From the knowledge available on these texts, we are able to date when this text was written, as well as which communities used this text. It is