1. Introduction
Tobacco use constitutes a global epidemic that results in 5 million deaths each year (World Health Organization, 2008). If current trends in tobacco use continue, the number of tobacco-related deaths is expected to rise to 8 million deaths annually by 2030 – with 80 percent of these deaths taking place in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) (Mathers & Loncar, 2006).
Currently, about 10 percent of the world’s smokers live in India (World Health Organization, 2008). The 2009-2010 Global Adult Tobacco Survey, a nationally representative household survey, found that 34.6% of adults over the age of 15 in India currently use tobacco (International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), 2010). The prevalence of tobacco smoking in Gujarat, India, including those using smokeless as well as smoked tobacco is estimated to be 19.8% among males and 1.5% among females(International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), 2010). Most smokers in India consume bidis, small cigarettes containing, on average, 25 percent less tobacco than the average cigarette (Jha et al., 2008). Despite the smaller amount of tobacco in bidis, they can produce more nicotine, carbon monoxide, and tar than the average manufactured cigarette because of the way smokers puff on them (Mackay J et al., 2006). One recent nationally representative case-control study found that about 70% of smoking-related deaths in India take place during productive years of life between 30-69 years of age (Jha et al., 2008). In addition, the study projected that smoking will kill one million people each year starting in 2010 (Jha et al., 2008).
Since 2005, the World Health Organization (WHO)'s Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) offers a ...
... middle of paper ...
... or sub-national setting. In the past several years, low and middle-income countries have seen an increased number of smoke-free policies (World Health Organization, 2009). However, some of these policies do not meet the FCTC’s recommendations or are poorly enforced at the sub-national level (World Health Organization, 2009). Therefore, it is important to examine the cost-effectiveness of current smoke-free policies to provide decision makers with the evidence needed to strengthen existing policies to meet FCTC requirements. Additionally, given the exceptions in India’s current smoke-free legislation and the high levels of exposure to secondhand smoke found in recent data, there is a particular need for transparent cost-effectiveness analysis of smoke-free legislation in India(International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), 2010; Trostle et al., 1999).
World Health Organization (2008). WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic 2008: The MPOWER Package. Geneva: World Health Organization.
The largest single preventable cause of death and disease in Australia is smoking (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2014). Over the last 60 years, the premature death toll has reached an excess of 900,000 and studies have suggested that it will pass the million marks within the next decade (Tobacco Working Group, 2009). A study conducted by the Australian Burden of Disease in 2003, stated that tobacco was responsible for the greatest disease burden in Australia (Magnus et al., 2011) as smoking kills 15,000 Australians each year (Begg et al., 2007) and costs Australia $31.5 billion (Collins & Lapsley, 2008) in social (including health) (Hurley & Matthews, 2008) and economic costs (Department of Health, 2015). Due to this enormous social and economic cost, the Federal Government has implemented a four-stage tobacco excise of 12.5% from 2013 to 2016 (Department of Health, 2015; Daube & Scollo, 2013) to further reduce the amount of 14 years or
Each year 440,000 people die, in the United States alone, from the effects of cigarette smoking (American Cancer Society, 2004). As discussed by Scheraga & Calfee (1996) as early as the 1950’s the U.S. government has utilized several methods to curb the incidence of smoking, from fear advertising to published health warnings. Kao & Tremblay (1988) and Tremblay & Tremblay (1995) agreed that these early interventions by the U.S. government were instrumental in the diminution of the national demand for cigarettes in the United States. In more recent years, state governments have joined in the battle against smoking by introducing antismoking regulations.
Every year cigarette smoking is responsible for 500,000 premature deaths (Nugel), you do not want to be just another statistic, do you? America’s first cash crop was tobacco. That means that tobacco has been around for a really long time. It was not until 1865, though, that cigarettes were sold commercially. They were sold to soldiers at the end of the Civil War (Dowshen). From then, cigarettes spread like wildfire, and it was not until 1964 that anyone made a stand about the negative effects of tobacco and cigarettes. People start smoking for all different reasons, some to fit in and some to “escape”. Regardless, it is a horrible habit. 3900 children will try their first cigarette today. Amongst adults who currently smoke, 68% of them began at age 18 or younger, and 85% at 21 or younger (American Lung Association). And of all those people, 70% say if they were given another chance they would never have picked up that first cigarette (Tobacco Free Maine). Smoking is responsible for 1 and 5 deaths in the united states, and is the number one preventable cause of death (NLH). Smoking burns and there is no doubt about that, but before one picks up that cigarette, understand the negative effects on not only oneself, but others affected by ones poor choices, like second-hand smoke. Because of smoking cigarettes, many types of cancer, decrease of life quality, and negative health effects have become all too common in the world today.
Smoking cigarettes is a detrimental practice not only to the smoker, but also to everyone around the smoker. According to an article from the American Lung Association, “Health Effects” (n.d.), “Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the U.S., causing over 438,000 deaths per year”. The umbrella term for tobacco use includes the use of cigarettes, cigars, e-cigs and chewing tobacco. While tobacco causes adverse health consequences, it also has been a unifying factor for change in public health. While the tobacco industries targets specific populations, public health specifically targets smokers, possible smokers, and the public to influence cessation, policies and education.
Smoking is a current issue, it has been there and it is here till now. It is the second major cause of death in the world; it kills nearly 6 million people each year. That is one person every 6 seconds. It’s responsible for the death of a one in ten adults and kills up to half of its users. Since it’s the leading preventable cause of all deaths, there is need to prevent it. Despite the negative side effects of smoking like; smoking kills, its exacerbates poverty, contributes to world hunger by diverting lands use to its production, its production damages the environment and reduces economic productivity, many people still smoke tobacco every day. It...
Since the 1950s, more than 70,000 scientific articles have left no doubt that smoking is an extraordinarily important cause of premature mortality and disability around the world. In populations where cigarette smoking has been common for several decades, about 90% of cases of lung cancer, 15–20% of cases of other cancers, 75% of cases of chronic bronchitis and emphysema and 25% of deaths from cardiovascular diseases in those 35–69 years of age are attributable to tobacco. Studies have shown that half of all long-term smokers will die of a tobacco-related disease and, of these, half will die before the age of 65 (World bank, 1999).
Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States, worldwide, and most importantly, in New York. Although the tobacco industry appears to be a beneficial addition to our economy, it has been a socially acceptable business in the past because it brings jobs to our people and tax money to our government; but the cost of tobacco related treatment, mortality, disability, and pollution, the government winds up having to provide the funds to programs related to these issues. If current smoking patterns continue, by 2030 the proportion of tobacco related death will be one in six, about 10 million deaths per year (World bank). There are scientific articles regarding the relation of premature mortality and disability to tobacco use. Places where tobacco use is commonly used, about ninety percent of cases of lung cancer, fifteen percent of cases of other cancers, seventy-five percent of cases of bronchitis and emphysema and twenty-five
The tobacco industry is known as one of the most controversial industries around the globe. The conflicting two viewpoints that raise challenges for the industry are between the people involved in the industry and those affected by it. Large producers and manufacturers of tobacco products argue that the production plays a vital role in the world economy contributing billions of dollars each year in tax dollars. On the opposing side is the health argument stating that over half of tobacco smokers die of tobacco related illnesses around the globe. As an ever growing global industry it has become more prevalent as well as scrutinized over the past one hundred years. Tobacco is one of the most widely used addictive substances in the world and can grow in “any warm, moist environment, which means it can be farmed on all continents except for Antarctica”. The plant itself is native to the Americas and historically one of the half-dozen most important crops grown by American farmers
Battle for tobacco control: The Indian experience. (2004). In K. S. Reddy., & P. C. Gupta (Eds.), Report on tobacco Control in India (204-227). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/fctc/reporting/Annex6_Report_on_Tobacco_Control_in_India_2004.pdf
Daynard.R., (2013). Regulatory Approaches to Ending Cigarette-Caused Death and Disease in the United States. Boston University School of Law; American Journal of Law and Medicine.
According to (Mackay, 2002), rapid increase in tobacco consumption and its spread around the world represent a great concern to public health both globally and at the national level. Tobacco is the second major cause of death in the world and the fourth most common risk factor for disease worldwide; it kills 4.9 million persons per year therefore it weighs heavily on the health care system of countries. Tobacco undermines the wellbeing of populations. The cost of treating tobacco-related illness is very high, not only in the governments but also to individuals and their families. In addition, the diseases and deaths that result from tobacco consumption impose great suffering and grief on the close family of the tobacco user, effects which are exacerbated by poverty.
Despite its contribution to state revenue and livelihood in area such as North Sumatera, Central Java and East Java, which well known as tobacco producers, it turns out that tobacco products bring negative impacts to society. There are three issues that should be considered for supporting bans on tobacco advertisement, promotion, and sponsorship, as well as other policy. First, related to health impacts. Research and Health Development Body from Ministry of Health (2015) states that, among top major causes of death in Indonesia, smoking contributes to the highest and second cause of death for cerebrovascular diseases and ischaemic heart disease, as well as chronic lower respiratory in fourth ranked. It was recorded that the number of deaths
Tobacco smoking is still a growing problem in developing countries. Having checked the Tobacco Control Country Profiles of the United States America, Germany, India and Russia by World Health Organization (WHO), I can see that the developed countries are way stricter about smoking in public places. I think that the government of any country has to take this issue under its control because the second-hand smoking is extremely dangerous for people around the smoker and every smoker must allow others to breathe tobacco-smoke-free air. According to WHO, over 6 million people die from tobacco use and exposure to tobacco smoke (one death every six seconds) and 78% people all over the world do not smoke. Non-smoking is becoming the norm world-wide, however, the statistics of Indian population is not so positive. According to WHO, 12% out of all smokers of the world resident in India. The ban on tobacco ads by the government of India caused a big clash on interests between the politicians and the management of the tobacco companies.
One person dies every six seconds due to a tobacco related disease, which results in a shocking amount of ten deaths per minute. Tobacco is one of the most heavily used addictive products in the United States. Tobacco contains over 4,000 chemicals; approximately 250 are dangerously harmful to humans. Smoking is a major public health problem. All smokers face an increased risk of lung cancer, cardiovascular problems and many other disorders. Smoking should be banned due to the many health risks to the user, second hand related smoke illness, and excessive cost.