Boundary layers are thin regions next to the wall in the flow where viscous forces are important. The above-mentioned wall can be in various geometrical shapes. Blasius [1] studied the simplest boundary layer over a flat plate. He employed a similarity transformation which reduces the partial differential boundary layer equations to a nonlinear third-order ordinary differential one before solving it analytically. The boundary layer flow over a moving plate in a viscous fluid has been considered by Klemp and Acrivos [2], Hussaini et al. [3], Fang and Zhang [4] and recently Ishak et al. [5] and Cortell[6] which is an extension of the flow over a static plate considered by Blasius. A large amount of literatures on this problem has been cited in the books by Schlichting and Gersten [7] and White [8]. It is worth mentioning that the flow and heat transfer of a viscous fluid over a moving surface has many important applications in the modern industry, glass fiber drawing, crystal growing, plastic extrusion, etc.[9]
Beside boundary layer, entropy plays an essential role in our understanding of many diverse phenomena in many fields [10-12] especially in equilibrium and nonequilibrium thermodynamics [13, 14] and optimization of energy consumption in systems dealing with large amount of energy. The design methods based on the Second law of thermodynamic are widely used to measure the irreversibility of processes. Conserving useful energy depends on how to design an efficient heat transfer process from thermodynamic point of view. Energy conversion processes are accompanied by an irreversible increase in entropy, which leads to a decrease in exergy. Thus, even though energy is conserved, the quality of the energy decreases by converting it...
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...odynamics, 3rd edition, Cambridge University Press, 1983.
[14] W.T. Grandy, Entropy and the Time Evolution of Macroscopic Systems. Oxford University Press, 2008.
[15] A. Bejan, Entropy generation through heat and fluid flow. New York, Wiley, 1982.
[16] E.Amani, M.R.H. Nobari, a numerical investigation of entropy generation in the entrance region of curved pipes at constant wall temperature, Energy 36(2011) 4909-4918.
[17] A. Bejan, Entropy generation minimization, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1996.
[18] A.Z. Sahina, S. M. Zubaira, A.Z. Al-Garnia, R. Kahraman. Effect of fouling on operational cost in pipe flow due to entropy generation. Energy Convers Manage 41 (2000)1485-1496.
[19] A. Tandiroglu. Effect of flow geometry parameters on transient entropy generation for turbulent flow in circular tube with baffle inserts. Energy Convers Manage 48 (2007)898-906.
Hess’s Law is also an important concept in this lab. It states that the enthalpy of a reaction is independent of the steps it takes to go from reactant to a product. It happens because enthalpy is a state function. A state function depends on the initial and final state but not the actual process. The Hess’s Law is used to calculate the heat formation of Magnesium Oxide. The amount of heat necessary to create one more mole of a substance is called the Enthalpy of Formation.
Introduction to Aerodynamics Aerodynamics is the study of the motion of fluids in the gas state and bodies in motion relative to the fluid/air. In other words, the study of aerodynamics is the study of fluid dynamics specifically relating to air or the gas state of matter. When an object travels through fluid/air there are two types of flow characteristics that happen, laminar and turbulent. Laminar flow is a smooth, steady flow over a smooth surface and it has little disturbance. Intuition would lead to the belief that this type of air flow would be desirable.
Refrigeration, the production of cold, is an essential practice for present-day living. It is used in a many place like the processing and preservation of food, conditioning of air for comfort, manufacture of chemicals and other materials, cooling of concrete, medical applications etc. Refrigeration is defined as the science of maintaining the temperature of a particular space lower than its surrounding space. Refrigeration and air conditioning involves various processes such as compression, expansion, cooling, heating, humidification, de-humidification, air purification, air distribution etc. In all these processes, there is an exchange of mass, momentum and energy. All these exchanges are subject to certain fundamental laws. Hence to understand and analyses the refrigeration and air conditioning systems, a basic knowledge of the laws of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics and heat transfer is essential.
Smith, Q., & Oaklander, L. N. (1995).Time, change, and freedom an introduction to metaphysics. London: Routledge.
Heat transfer from high temperature heated surfaces finds considerable application in engineering. Because of its large number of applications in industries, considerable efforts have been made by researchers to investigate various aspects of the heat transfer and its fundamental principles involved. Fluid flow problems involving heat transfer viz. in presence of convention and radiation represents an idealization of many meaningful problems in engineering practice. Due to the presence of higher level of temperature required in many system like boiler, nuclear reactor; the effect of radiation heat transfer increases. So, there becomes a need of including radiative effect of the participating medium and also their boundary conditions. Keeping this in mind, an attempt was made to investigate the heat transfer in the Indian Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (IPHWR) during Loss of Coolant Accident (LOCA) with low steam flow. This study will help in estimating the safe working limits for the heat dissipation in the reactor.
Weinberg, Steven. 1992. Dreams of a Final Theory: The Search for the Fundamental Laws of Nature. New York: Pantheon Books.
This chart shows the relationship between the fanning friction factor and the Reynolds number over a wide range of flow rates, from which the roughness parameter (e/D) for the piping system can be estimated.
Lucretius. On the Nature of Things. Trans. Walter Englert. Newburyport, MA: Focus Philosophical Library, 2003.
Ross, S. A., 1989, Information and Volatility: The No-arbitrage Martingale Approach to Timing and Resolution Irrelevancy, Journal of Finance 44, 1-17.
- the effect of Viscosity on liquid flow (turbulent/laminar) I have consulted my teachers for guidance and I have also looked very carefully into the "the Suggestions papers" which contain many possible investigations which have been done in the past. I opted to choose neither of them but many aspects I will be looking into in my investigation are similar to those in the papers.
Saravanamutto, H. I. H., Rogers, G. F. C., Cohen, H., & Straznicky, P. V. (2009). Gas turbine theory (6th ed.). London, UK: Prentice Hall.
Thermodynamics is the branch of science concerned with the nature of heat and its conversion to any form of energy. In thermodynamics, both the thermodynamic system and its environment are considered. A thermodynamic system, in general, is defined by its volume, pressure, temperature, and chemical make-up. In general, the environment will contain heat sources with unlimited heat capacity allowing it to give and receive heat without changing its temperature. Whenever the conditions change, the thermodynamic system will respond by changing its state; the temperature, volume, pressure, or chemical make-up will adjust accordingly in order to reach its original state of equilibrium. There are three laws of thermodynamics in which the changing system can follow in order to return to equilibrium.
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm., and J. M. Child. The Early Mathematical Manuscripts of Leibniz. Mineola, NY: Dover Publ., 2005.
The heat produced during generation of electricity can be used for alternative uses by cogeneration power plants. Such systems along with solar thermal energy generation can be applications of thermoelectrics.
In real engineering problems like heat transfer from cylinder, cylinder head, etc. and fluid flow requires lots of experimental effort for the analysis. It is very time consuming and costly process. Computational fluid dynamics, is a branch of fluid mechanics that uses numerical methods and algorithms to solve and analyze problems that involve fluid flows. Computational fluid dynamics analysis is nothing but the simulation process which involves heat flow as well as fluid flow on the basis of computer. CFD technique is powerful tool to analyze the industrial and non-industrial application.