The demand for an efficient renewable energy source is a driving force in ongoing research. Thermal energy conversion is one such potential source that is under constant investigation and has endless avenues of possibility. The two requirements of energy production are efficiency and renewability. Many possibilities exist for energy production including: Fossil Fuels (natural gas, oil, coal, oilshale), nuclear, solar, wind, geothermal, biomass and wastes, & hydroelectric. Efficiency of the use of these resource are directly related to the location and the demand in that location. For example Hawaii is a prime candidate for the use of the oceans mechanical wave action, the thermal gradient of the ocean, wind, and biomass from the high levels of plant growth. The demand for another energy source comes from Hawaii's dependence on oil that has to be transported there.
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion(OTEC) is the utilization of the energy stored in the world's oceans by the thermal gradient created. The thermal gradient is the difference of the surface temperature of the ocean that is heated via solar energy and the water at depths of significantly colder temperatures. This thermal gradient is the energy source that is converted to usable energy by OTEC plants. The idea for using the oceans thermal energy is credited to several visionaries including Jacques D'Arsonval, a French Engineer, in 1881. The temperature difference needed for an OTEC plant is about 36 deg F (20 deg C). Temperature differences of this amount are readily available in many locations in the world. The areas depicted in red on the above map produce the best areas for OTEC sites due to the stablility of warm weather throughout t...
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...ntially be exploited for one of the municipalities that stand beside the pipeline?
Arctic North Slope Borough - 179.2 mi.
Fairbanks North Star Borough - 89.1 mi.
City of Delta Junction - 5.5 mi.
City of Valdez - 20.8 mi.
Could the pipeline at least help to power one of the ten pump stations located along its winding path?
It is not likely that the heat exchange in either of the two above systems would produce a sufficient enough amount of energy to produce electricity. The temperature of the oil as it is extracted is approximately 160 ° F and the flow temperature approximately 140 ° F. These temperatures need to be maintained for the oil to remain in a viscous enough state to be transport with some amount of efficiency. This inquiry into the potential use of excess heat being produced as a by-product does however open the door to other possibilities.
On August 3, 1492, Christopher Columbus departed from Palos, Spain to begin his journey across the Atlantic Ocean. This was the first of many voyages that allowed him to explore a New World where he was able to discover plants, animals, cultures and resources that Europeans had never seen before. The sharing of these resources and combination of the Old and New World has come to be known as the Columbian Exchange. During these explorations, the Europeans brought diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, typhoid and bubonic plague to the New World, wiping out entire Indian populations. There were also many other populations wiped out due to complications that came from this exchange. Were these explorations and the wiping out of entire populations worth the benefits gained by the exchange?
Although the Columbian Exchange made the Native American population significantly decrease and horses, pigs, cattle, goats, and sheep were all brought to the Americas during the Columbian Exchange, the Americas continued to grow their staple crops such as potatoes and corn after the Columbian Exchange’s effect on the society. The Columbian Exchange was a very crucial event in American history. Without the Columbian Exchange, the Americas would not have large mammals big enough to domesticate. Also, the Americas might have had a higher population of Native Americans left over after the Columbian Exchange and the Black Death.
Considering Christopher Columbus?s exploration in the Americas, this exploration has benefited to the Europeans to enrich their commodities and fulfilled the labor forces in this continent. By utilizing Columbus? exploration as a leading indicator, many Europeans have sailed to the Americas again in the fifteen centuries, which called the Columbian Exchange. Besides, the motive for the European to sail to the new world was the shortage of food supplies, commodities, and overpopulation. Although this exchange has benefitted the European greatly, especially in Spanish, it also brought many negative impacts to the native Americans? culture, millions of native have killed. The exchange also created the slavery exchange, where the middle and west Africa took place. Equally, this exchange also created the problem of mutual culture in different regions, particular in the Americas and later, the Asia, where it had the least impact of the Europeans.
Researchers now believe that Europeans within the New World had naturally evolving immune systems, allowing their biological systems to fight off diseases, unlike within the Old World and the native American tribes, their immune systems had not evolved independently. The biological affect upon the Old World could be seen as a curse left upon their soil by Columbus in 1492. Lives shortened, futures denied, battles and fights against the unrelenting bacteria and microbial, that would continue on for decades preventing their immune systems to independently resist the invisible death sentence that floated amongst
In a time of social and natural trades, it develops the Columbian exchange between the New and Old Worlds.The Europeans and Native American lifestyles changed when trading between new and old world, for example, they traded plants, animals, diseases and innovation. It Began after Columbus discovery in 1492 the exchange that lasted throughout the years of expansion and discovery.The Columbian Exchange affected the social and social cosmetics of both sides of the Atlantic. Movements in a plant era, headway of battling, extended passing rates on both Europeans and Native Americans.
The Columbian exchange was a biological exchange between the Americans and the rest of the world . This means that a disease that started in the Europe and Africa started to spread to all parts of the Americas. This exchange led to more native Americas to die of sickness because the natives did not build an immunity to the rare European diseases. The Columbian exchange also involved animals, plants, and seeds . The exchange led to impactful that effected the world. One example of this was other countries would be victories in battle against American
Without the Columbian Exchange , the world would be in a supremely different state then it is
The Columbian exchange brought so many changes to both the New World and the old. Some of these changes had unintentional consequences that affected the life of the both worlds, especially the New World. The contact of people from unlike environments with dissimilar bacteria and viruses was probably the biggest impact of this exchange that resulted many devastating occurrence of unknown diseases. The effect of different diet and food between the two worlds, that was unknown to both of them, also had its own consequences that are still continuing in present day. At last but not least outcome of the collision of the different plantation growing and the insect’s cycle, more outcomes on the New World.
The Columbian Exchange was pivotal in shaping international trade and the world as we know it today. When trade between the Old World and New World became a standard, it opened up many new possibilities for business. There was a new demand for the exotic foods and goods from the New World. This demand for New World products contributes directly to the rise of production and industrialization of the Old World. The Columbian Exchange reshaped the process of mass production, population growth, and consumption.
The current use of energy in the United States, especially California, is foreshadowing catastrophe in our environment. Due to high demand of fossil fuels, the air is filled with more pollution every day. In addition to, it can increase the chances of having global warming. Since fossil fuels are generated from raw materials which are easy and cheap users are becoming extremely dependent on them. The main problem with fossil energy is that the supply of fossil fuels is not continuous. However, alternative energy is continual and harmless to the environment. Biomass does not pollute the atmosphere as much as natural gas. One of the most convenient alternative energies that are currently used for minor purposes is biomass. From the significant results of recent and past use of biomass, it can be considered trustworthy as the main source of energy in the future.
Geothermal energy is one of the oldest sources of energy. It is simply using and reusing (reusable energy) heat from the inside of the earth. Most of the geothermal energy comes from magma, molten or partially molten rock. Which is why most geothermal resources come from regions where there are active volcanoes. Hot springs, geysers, pools of boiling mud, and fumaroles are the most easily exploited sources. The ancient Romans used hot springs to heat baths and homes, and similar uses are still found in Iceland, Turkey, and Japan. The true source of geothermal energy is believed to come from radioactive decay occurring deep within the earth.
Electricity is one of the chief products of the oil industry. We use oil to heat our homes and businesses. We use oil to produce electricity to light our homes and businesses also.
The use of non-renewable resources is rampant in our modern society the world over. These fossil fuels, petroleum, oil, gas and coal, are refined and processed into useable forms that are then used to fuel automobiles and airplanes, power electricity plants, and even heat our water and homes, (nm...
Vannela, Raveender. "Are We “Digging Our Own Grave” Under the Oceans?" Environmental Science & Technology 46.15 (2012): 7932-933. Print.
In the search for alternatives to fossil fuels, scientists and policy makers have focused on three options: nuclear power, energy from biomass; and a combination of wind, water, and solar power. Nuclear power, however, is much more costly and runs the risk of having it fall into the wrong hands where it could be turned into a weapon of mass destruction. The third option entails wind turbines, photovoltaic power plants and rooftop systems, concentrated solar thermal power plants,...