Neisseria gonorrhoeae, also know as gonococcus, is a gram-negative, diplococcus, nonmotile, non-spore forming, aerobe that is spread through sexual contact2. It is a human pathogen that is spread directly from person-to-person, typically through mucous membranes1. Infection to a fetus through vertical transmission is possible1. This organism is relatively fragile leaving it extremely susceptible to temperature changes, drying, UV light, and other environmental stresses2. Neisseria gonorrhoeae possesses the many typical components of a gram-negative outer membrane such as proteins, phospholipids, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)2. However, neisserial LPS is often referred to as lipooligosaccharide (LOS) due to its highly branched basal oligosaccharide structure with the lack of repeating O-antigen subunits2. The LOS that Neisseria gonorrhoeae expresses helps play a role in the pathogenesis of this bacteria2.
The most common infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae is gonorrhea, also known as “the clap” 4. Gonorrhea is a common sexually transmitted infection that can occur in both males and females . The infection is spread through participation in unprotected sexual intercourse with infected individuals4. The infection is more commonly found in women, this is because women who have unprotected sex with infected males have a 50-60% chance of acquiring the infection, while men who have sex with infected females have only a 20% chance of acquiring the infection9. Transmission of disease occurs through the direct contact of exudates from the mucous membranes of infected individuals5. The bacteria then attach to and penetrate the simple columnar epithelium and produce inflammatory responses in the affected area. With the use of proper p...
... middle of paper ...
...roup of antibiotics as penicillin; therefore it works by interfering with the bacteria’s ability to form cell walls7. The cell wall of bacteria is essential for their survival, and with the help of ceftriaxone forming holes in the cell walls of bacteria, the number of bacteria begin to decrease also7. Lastly, azithromycin is a type of antimicrobial that also works by interfering with the bacteria’s abilities to form essential proteins for survival8. Due to the fact that antimicrobial resistance is slowly starting to increase for gonorrhea treatment, it is important for all individuals undergoing treatment to take antimicrobials efficiently, and ensure they take all of the medicine prescribed by their doctor8. There are no vaccines available for gonorrhea today, however if you take the proper precautions and treatments when necessary the bacteria can be controlled3.
...d rectal thermometers and transmission by hands after touching IV or urinary catheters. Enterococci can be intrinsic and can tolerate or resist beta-lactam antibiotics due to containing penicillin-binding proteins. That means they are still able to combine cell wall components. There can be acquired resistance of Enterococci that comprises of resistance to penicillin by beta-lactamases, chloramphenicol, tetracyclines, rifampin, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, and vancomycin. There is a potential for cell-wall synthesis because the genes that encrypt intrinsic or acquired vancomycin resistance produce in a peptide to which vancomycin cannot connect. Unfortunately, due to the resistance of penicillin, Enterococci can be inhibited but cannot be killed. Health care professionals are left with limited therapeutic therapy that can be effective in the treatment of VRE.
Virulence Factors: The cell wall of Chlamydia has been characterized as gram negative with a notable difference: it lacks muramic acid that is found in the cell walls of most other bacteria. This makes Chlamydia resistant to _-lactam antibiotics such as penicillin, because such antibiotics disrupt the “typical” cell wall, which includes muramic acid. Being gram-negative, it also contains LPS, which helps cause damage to the host’s body(mainly due to the host’s immune response). Once inside the host, chlamydia bind sialic acid receptors, which are usually found in mucous-rich environments. Antigenic variation is ...
Streptococcus pyogenes is thought to live benignly within one in five people, and is thusly one of the most common pathogens among humans. Due to its common
Bacteria vaginosis is treated with antibiotic medications (CDC). Metronidazole is commonly used. Metronidazole treatment does not adversely affect lactobacilli so they are able to recolonize the vagina and reduce the risk of late-stage relapse (Catlin, 1992). The cephalosporins available in the late 1970s were not very active against G. vaginalis.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae known as the pathogen that causes Gonorrhea, which is a sexually transmitted disease that is only seen in humans. It is only seen in humans since Neisseria gonorrhoeae cannot thrive in the environment we live in. In addition, all genders, age, and ethnicity are vulnerable to getting infected by that bacterium (Lemire, Yen). Gonorrhea, the disease caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, mostly grows in an environment that is moist and...
...ell wall synthesis (8). Individuals who are allergic to Penicillin can be treated with alternative oral antibiotics such as Tetracycline or Doxycycline (3). These antibiotics work by inhibiting protein synthesis (8). During the course of treatment the individual should abstain from sexual contact with their partner until there are no sign and symptoms of the disease or confirmation of a negative blood work. Also individuals should be annually tested and receive necessary treatment if needed to reduce the risk of infecting others (6). Syphilis can be prevented in many ways. First and foremost is by being in a mutually monogamous relationship, the correct use of latex condoms if you are not in a monogamous relationship, also by providing education about the damages the disease can cause and how it can be prevented by not spreading the disease with one another (6).
There are two tests that doctors can use to detect gonorrhea, urine test or a swab of the affected area. The urine test can identify a disease, even when there are no signs or symptoms displayed. There is a swab test of the affected area, sometimes there are multiple test done to detect which sexually transmitted disease is present, home testing is available. When you have a home test done it is sent off to a lab to get analyzed and identify what is present. Gonorrhea is treated by several kinds of antibiotics, which are ceftriaxone, azithromycin, and doxycycline. The treatment is used for people who have tested positive for gonorrhea or somebody that had intercourse with someone that was diagnosed. When newborns are treated for gonorrhea, they are given medication in their eye. To prevent gonorrhea from returning don’t have sexual intercourse with someone that has or had gonorrhea until they get tested and it comes back
Being a gram-negative bacterium, L. pneumophila has lipopolysaccharides (LPS) that act as endotoxin within a human host. The presence of a flagella is thought to mediate adherence to human lung cells, thereby causing infection, since flagella-less strains do not cause disease. Once attached to human cells, the organism is engulfed by a macrophage where is utilizes the internal environment to multiply.
Although there are no over-the-counter (OTC) medications to treat or cure syphilis, if diagnosed early, it can be easily treated and cured. For most cases of syphilis, a single intramuscular shot of Benzathine penicillin G can be given to cure individuals during the primary and secondary stages of the disease. Receiving a series of three intramuscular injections of Benzathine penicillin G over a specified period can treat those in the latent stage of syphilis (CDC, 2016a). Those individuals who have reached the tertiary stage may be required to be hospitalized to receive daily intravenous penicillin therapy (NIAID, 2016). Penicillin is also the recommend drug for treating women who are pregnant, and is considered to be extremely effective in
There is little at face value that would alert an educated individual to the severity and the danger of Syphilis – the bacterium which causes syphilis, Treponema pallidum, appears as nothing more than a simple bacterium. The bacterium is spiral in shape, and is classified as Gram Negative (meaning that the bacterium lacks a thick layer of peptidoglycan in its cell wall). Syphilis infects it's victims through a limited number of ways – the most common way, however, is by entrance through chafed, cracked skin and through mucous membranes. Because of this, Syphilis is so effectively transmitted through sexual contact and sexual activity that it is primarily known as a Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI). However, Syphilis does not limit itself to only the aforementioned modes of transportation. The disease is also effectively transmitted through blood transfusions, not to mention the passing of Syphilis from mother to child in the womb during pregnancy (CDC 2007).
T. pallidum is highly sensitive to oxygen and has a decreased ability to survive when not in human body temperature environments 1. The mode of transmission is through sexual contact or vertical transmission from the mother to the fetus. T. pallidum lacks the lipopolysaccharide which is the endotoxin normally present in gram negative bacteria1. The bacterium does produce many lipoproteins which are thought to prompt the inflammatory mediators through the recognition of toll-like receptors1. T. pallidum has a virulence factor of being highly motile due to its ability to propel itself forward by rotating on a longitudinal axis1. The spirochetes easily penetrate the skin or mucosal membranes and spread throughout the lymph nodes and then the blood circulation, affecting many parts in the body1.
... really able to be spread but also prevented. There are different treatments that can stop the process of this infection that will help cure it and stop the spread. If you didn’t know, there are three main prescriptions that are used to help stop this. “Doxycycline 100 mg 2-3 times a day for 10-14 days, Zithromax (azithromycin) 1.0 gm a single dose, and Zithromax Z-pak (azithromycin) - 500mg on day 1, followed by 1 tab (250mg) once a day for 4 more days will help your situation” (Sexually Transmitted Disease Guide). After this process, make sure you go to your normal doctor of local for check ups. Keep in mind to finish the prescription given even if you feel like you are better. In conclusion, to prevent all of this mass destruction and chaos, wait until you and your partner is both checked out by your doctor to make sure the both of you are clean from anything.
Classification: Azithromycin is used to treat certain bacterial infections in many different parts of the body. This medicine may mask or delay the symptoms of syphilis. It is not effective against syphilis infections. Azithromycin belongs to the class of drugs known as macrolide antibiotics.
Since antibiotics, such as penicillin, became widely available in the 1940s, they have been called miracle drugs. They have been able to eliminate bacteria without significantly harming the other cells of the host. Now with each passing year, bacteria that are immune to antibiotics have become more and more common. This turn of events presents us with an alarming problem. Strains of bacteria that are resistant to all prescribed antibiotics are beginning to appear. As a result, diseases such as tuberculosis and penicillin-resistant gonorrhea are reemerging on a worldwide scale (1).