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selfish gene introduction
criticism of the selfish gene
selfish gene introduction
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Dawkins, who offers an explanation of this seemingly high-convoluted behavior in terms of a simple “evolutionary game theory”. This theory is especially relevant for this essay in terms of how politics can be understood scientifically as it implies that all human interaction and behavior is highly predictable. Political science is just syntactic sugar for “people interacting with other people”; that’s all it is really. Dawkins says that our actions are mainly determined by our genes and we make decisions based on how well that decision will allow our genes to propagate in the gene pool. It is all so simple that it seems reasonable to believe that with a good enough understanding of genetics, we can also understand politics. The notion of our behavior being reduced to a game theory scenario also strongly implies that there is a mathematical quality t¬o how humans make decisions. If …show more content…
There is no doubt that with the trend towards digital voting that data will become available that will allow us to do things that people in the past would have deemed impossible. As described in the section of the Dawkins Selfish Gene theory, human behavior could very well be modeled by knowing the DNA the human in question; knowing the genetic makeup of a large society would not only facilitate a biometric database to allow secure voting in the facilitation of fair elections, but also allow modeling of the entire political landscape. Such information coupled with the voting data from the constituents themselves could fathomably allow for the simulation and prediction of the effects of different governmental decisions. The end result of this would be a positive feedback loop that guarantees constituents their safety as a result of an optimal government representatives and optimal decisions from those in power. Technology is an incredible thing that is evolving to allow modelling if ever increasing complex systems. This includes
The view of free will has been heavily debated in the field of philosophy. Whether humans possess free will or rather life is determined. With the aid of James Rachels ' article, The Debate over Free Will, it is clearly revealed that human lives are "both determined and free at the same time" (p.482, Rachels), thus, in line with the ideas of compatibilist responses. Human 's actions are based on certain situations that are causally determined by unexpected events, forced occurrence, and certain cases that causes one to outweigh the laws of cause and effect. The article also showcases instances where free will does exist. When human actions are being based on one 's emotions of the situation, desire, and simply that humans are creatures that are created to have intellectual reasoning. I argue, that Rachels’ article, provides helpful evidence on compatibilists responses that demonstrate free will and determinism actions come into play with each other.
Kevles, Daniel J. and Leroy Hood. "Will the Human Genome Project Lead to Abuses In Genetic Engineering?" Taking Sides. Ed. Thomas A. Easton. Guilford, Connecticut: Dushkin Publishing Group Inc., 1995. 342-357.
"On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life," usually shortened to "the Origin of Species," is the full title of Charles Darwin's book, first published in 1859, in which Darwin formalized what we know today as the Theory of Evolution. Although Darwin is the most famous exponent of this theory, he was by no means the first person to suspect the workings of evolution. In fact, Charles owed a considerable debt to his grandfather Erasmus, a leading scientist and intellectual, who published a paper in 1794, calledZoonomia, or, The Laws of Organic Life. This set down many of the ideas that his grandson elaborated on 70 years later.
In this essay I will discuss that I do not agree with Richard Dawkins and will prove this by using the theory of Intelligent Design as to why I do not agree with him.
There are some human phenomena, which seem to be the result of individual actions and personal decisions. Yet, these phenomena are often - on closer inspection – as much a result of social factors as of psychological ones.
James Hutton was born June 3rd, 1726, in Edinburgh, Scotland. He was a Scottish farmer and a naturalist, later in life he was known as the father of modern geology.
The science fiction movie Gattaca reveals how human nature is replaced by the advance technology through the genome manipulation. Knowing an individual’s complete genome violate the human rights and freedom, which is not acceptable then and now. In the film, the society judges people’s social levels and their full potential by testing their DNA whether is manipulated or not. If everyone’s genomes were exposed to the world, the society would immediately distinguish and criticize people only from their genome, which is not equitable and respectable to human nature. Also, people would classify each other in work fields, schools, health care systems, and even between family members. The film depicts that every individual was monitored since they
Peterson, Dr. Alan. "It's not all In our genes- social and political implications of human genome project." The New Statesman. 3 July 2000. 13.612: 5,1
Making decisions is a routine in our daily lives, these actions contribute to how we operate in our society. “Why did history take such different evolutionary courses for people of different continents?” was the question that fascinated Diamond to reveal the patterns of human history. According to the professor of Geography at the University of California Los Angeles, Jared Diamond, in his article “Why do some societies make disastrous decisions?” he describes the factors in failures we commit that have led to societal collapses by breaking it down as a road map. The author makes a strong suggest that “First a group may fail to anticipate a problem before the problem actually arrives. Secondly, when the problem arrives, the group may fail to perceive the problem. Then, after they perceive the problem, they may fail even to try to solve the problem.
The purpose of this academic piece is to critically discuss The Darwinist implication of the evolutionary psychological conception of human nature. Charles Darwin’s “natural selection” will be the main factor discussed as the theory of evolution was developed by him. Evolutionary psychology is the approach on human nature on the basis that human behavior is derived from biological factors and there are psychologists who claim that human behavior is not something one is born with but rather it is learned. According to Downes, S. M. (2010 fall edition) “Evolutionary psychology is one of the many biologically informed approaches to the study of human behavior”. This goes further to implicate that evolutionary psychology is virtually based on the claims of the human being a machine that can be programmed to do certain things and because it can be programmed it has systems in the body that allow such to happen for instance the nervous system which is the connection of the spinal cord and the brain and assists in voluntary and involuntary motor movements.
Charles Darwin published his On Origin of Species in 1859. By 1870, Darwin’s theory of evolution was widely accepted as fact (van Wyhe, n.d.). This was no easy feat, Darwin was able to provide ample evidence from his voyage aboard the HMS Beagle, Darwin successfully implanted an idea. That idea took root and expanded into a profound science. The spread of ideas is at the very heart of civilization. Some ideas survive and thrive, while others wither and die on the vine. It was Richard Dawkins who pioneered the science behind the spread of ideas, and it is to him that those who count on the spread of their ideas, such as Jonathan Kozol, pay deference.
Is how we act is predetermined by a number of factors beyond our control or are we simply able to make choices that are not determined by our dispositions or desirers. This notion of freewill has been debated by theorists for centuries. Hard Determinists say that how we act is due to a combination of genetic factors and the environment around us. A similar notion is Fatalism where how is act is predetermined by a higher power. However Compatabalists think that how we act is a combination of freewill and what environmental and genetic endowments have been bestowed to us. This paper will critically discuss these theories and how human beings are capable of freewill.
How do we explain, predict and control human behavior? This question remains a central underlying theme within psychology as a whole. Few specific branches of psychology have attempted to integrate multiple perspectives within their fields of research. Evolutionary psychology appears to be unique in this endeavor, and as the following researchers point out, “Evolutionary psychology is the long-forestalled scientific attempt to assemble out of the disjointed, fragmentary, and mutually contradictory human disciplines a single, logically integrated research framework for the psychological, social, and behavioural sciences—a framework that not only incorporates the evolutionary sciences on a full and equal basis, but that systematically works out all of the revisions in existing belief and research practice that such a synthesis requires” (Tooby & Cosmides, 2005)
Human nature is not simply a measure of our human tendencies. It is both individual and collective. It does not explain why events happen. Instead, it explains the subconscious of each individual in the instant that events happen. The social order that best fits human nature is one where the informed opinions of everyone creates decisions and causes action. Madison’s argument for and against factions, Aristotle’s idea of ultimate happiness, and Locke’s concept of popular government and human rights all offer a significant component to the larger concept that is human nature. While some may argue that we will only fully understand human nature when we are met with death, still we can begin to capture a slight understanding to what governs human nature and the political order that helps it grow.
B. Watson, I am a person who likes to decode the human nature through the human expressions or behavior. In this sense I am a behavioral and phenomenological political analyst. I enjoy identifying patterns of words and actions; I think that there is a sort of praxeological grammar in our behavior that is not prescriptive but descriptive. As a political science student I use different sorts of sources, from statistics and raw data, to scientific articles, legal codes, historic records, literature and museums to understand human political action on a scale larger than the individual. I like to compare countries and to detect that even though they have different cultures and paradigms, they follow some similar patters regarding concrete issues, such as the popular election of dictators and the creation of economic bubbles. These are events that have an explanation not in the event itself, but in the surrounding elements that made those events an unavoidable and irresistible fate, these are behavioral conditionings that explain people’s reactions to certain stimuli. The behavior is produced by a chain of human actions and collective decisions made by individuals who thought themselves to be free to act by their own initiative while stimulated by forces that led them to make those ‘free’ decisions. In this way, our ‘free will’ is just a conditioned response to a certain stimulus, as Skinner