To what extent and in what ways did Russian Tsars control the Kazakh steppe between 1820 and 1890?
During political Kazakh khans of three Hordes gave oaths and signed papers of their inclusion to Russian Empire. Although the documents were signed, both sides did not obey them . Empire had not got any actual political power in the beginning of 19th century in Kazakh steppe, and numerous anti-Russian rebellions support this claim. The document of “Ustav o Sibirskih Kirgizah, 1822” made it possible to gain control of the steppe by creating a system with new approach of ‘divide and rule’. New policy included creating ‘elite’ with developed morals and literacy relying on the nobel families, so called Chinggisids, and land new administration policy. Rebellions, presence of national identity, resistance to settlement of nomads caused difficulties in establishing control in the steppe. However, even though there was some kind of oppositon from nomads, the policy was very successful. Russian empire was in control of the Kazakh steppe after mid-nineteenth century when steppe officially was divided into separate entities.
The Plan of Reorganization (1809) of Tsarist Russia did not take into account differences of central and peripheral parts. Imperial legislative law applied with restrictions and exceptions depending on regions, but general principle was decentralization of the Tsarist Russia by dividing it into several parts and concentration of the administrative units by integrating central and regional agencies. Speranskii’s “Ustav o Sibirskih Kirgizah, 1822” reform assigned administrative units and positions to create a new bureaucracy . When the position of khan was removed the unity of the nomadic tribes was destabilized. Thus...
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Moss, W., 2014. A History of Russia Volume 2: Since 1855. 1st ed. London, England: Anthem Press London, pp.112-113.
New York, Replika Press Pvt. Ltd. Deutscher, Isaac, Ed 1967. The Unfinished Revolution Russia1917-1967. U.S.A. Oxford University Press. Fitzpatrick, Sheila, Ed 1982.The Russian Revolution.
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The 19th century was a highly turbulent time in Russia’s history. Following the defeat of Napoleonic France, Western ideas and philosophy crept into Russian culture. As a result, Russian nobles split into two schools of thought. Slavophiles valued Russia’s traditional Orthodox Church, and did not want to Westernize and secede to the supposed superiority of Western culture. Conversely, Westernizers were a group of nobles who were against the traditional Russian values, and believed that the only way forward was to look to Europe. The Westernizers and the Slavophiles disagreed on a deep level about the direction Russia needed to take in the future. Russian thinkers were split between the Westernizer and the Slavophile point of view; both sides disagreed about the true nature of the country as well as its relation with the West.
1. What was the impact of the mongol conquest of Russia? Of the Islamic heartlands?
The famine in Russia alone led the peasants to become angry and fed up with the Russian government, suggesting a future revolution. Because of the peasants’ unrest, they began to break the law by as stealing food for their families and shouting in the streets. Russia had attempted revolution before, and a fear of an uprising was feared again. Their everyday routi...
...eved this state of mind through the geography, history and traditions of the nation. Russia, although having geography, history and traditional values standing against it, has made a significant effort to preserve strong features of democracy through recent decades. Bibliography Grudzinska-Gross, Irena. The Scar of Revolution: Custine, Tocqueville, and the Romantic Imagination. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991. Gustafson, Thane, and Daniel Yergin. Russia 2010. New York: Random, 1993. Heywood, Andrew. Political Ideas and Concepts. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994. McDaniel, Tim. The Agony of the Russian Idea. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996. Melvin, Neil. Russians Beyond Russians. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1995. Rzhevsky, Nicholas. Cambridge Companion to Modern Russian Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
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In the end, Russian has a great culture and a great and proud people. In this topical paper, I went over a brief history of Russia, the 3 of the major religions in Russia, custom and curtesies, a brief economic history and 3 branches of the military.
3) Field, Daniel. Rebels in the Name of the Tsar. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1976
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Today Kazakhstan is one of the well developing countries in the whole world. Since Kazakhstan became independent country in 1991 and from that period many things were significantly changed including of course business environment. The country was developing in terms of such factors as economic, political and legal, demographic, social, competitive, global, and technological. Kazakhstan is in the 9th place by territory and located in Central Asia, and also has access to the Caspian and the Aral Sea where a huge amount of oil has. The neighbors that Kazakhstan has connect are China, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and the Russian Federation. In addition, with all these countries Kazakhstan has good relationships in different spheres. As I mentioned above from the moment when Kazakhstan got independence there were a lot of changes, for example, whether before the capital was Almaty then from 1997 the capital of Kazakhstan became Astana. Today Astana is one of the biggest and beautiful cities that attract many tourists to visit Kazakhstan. Talking about language that official is definitely Kazakh and also Russian language is quite widespread that many people can speak free. Furthermore, Kazakhstan possesses a rich selection of mineral reserves as well as numerous oil and gas fields. Kazakhstan’s strategic location in Eurasia has important implications on the country’s economy, politics, and culture which collectively create a favorable business environment for multinational companies. The factors that I would like to write are economic, legal and political.