Testing the concentration of Vitamin C in different juices and fruits.
Aim: - To test the concentration of Vitamin C in different types of Juice and fresh fruits.
Hypothesis: - I hypothesize that all the fresh fruits and fresh juices will have more Vitamin C than the processed juices or concentrates.
Background:-
Vitamin C also called ascorbic acid is one of the most essential nutrients for human beings. It is used for almost all metabolic reactions in the body. It is also used as a food additive. Vitamin C is used in the synthesis of collagen as well as functions as an anti-oxidant. The deficiency of Vitamin C causes a disease called scurvy in humans.
To determine the amount of Vitamin C in the substances I will use titration. Titration is a way to measure the unknown amount of a chemical in a solution (the titrant) by adding a measured amount of a chemical with a known concentration (the titrating solution). The titrating solution reacts with the titrant, and the endpoint of the reaction is monitored in some way. The concentration of the titrant can now be calculated from the amount of titrating solution added and the ratio of the two chemicals in the chemical equation for the reaction. In this experiment we will titrate the juices and purees with iodine.
The literature values for the amount of Vitamin C in each of the samples are:-
Source Amount
mg/100g
Indian Gooseberry 445
Packaged Fruit Juice Unknown
Papaya 60
Orange 50
Lemon 40
Packaged Lemon Drink Unknown
Variables:-
Dependant Variable: - The amount of iodine used in each titration.
Independent Variable: -
The samples which are being tested for Vitamin C.
The amount of Sulfuric acid used in the iodine solution.
The amount of each sample ta...
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...xperiment carried out was successful. Even though the experiment was carried out with as much precaution as possible, there were chances of error in the experiment. We know this as the readings do not match perfectly. Some of the errors that could have occurred are:-
• Some of the Vitamin C in the fresh juices could have been oxidized while it was being prepared and while it was kept aside before usage. Since some of it was oxidized the amount of Iodine used would also decrease.
• There could have been a parallax error while using a pipette and burette.
• As the starch solution was added by a dropper the amount of starch solution in each sample could have differed as a dropper is a very inaccurate apparatus. Instead of this a pipette could have been used to minimise error.
• I could have taken one more set of readings to minimize my error.
This experiment will determine the levels of Vitamin C present in each of the different fruit juices selected. The level of Vitamin C will be compared between each fruit juice to determine which one has the highest amount of Vitamin C. Several drops from one fruit juice will be mixed into an iodine solution then repeated with a different fruit juice. With every drop of fruit juice a chemical reaction occurs and the process continues until the solution becomes colorless. The reaction will vary in according to the amount of Vitamin C present in each one of the different fruit juices.
A random error is caused by any factor which randomly affects the amount of scatter in the data. An increase in sample size allows averages to be calculated which reduces the effects of these random errors. By removing outliers in the data, the effect of random errors can be further minimised. A large amount of scatter in results indicated low precision and a large number of random errors. Some possible random errors in this experiment may have arisen when measuring the 12mL of milk solution for each test tube; some may have had slightly more and others slightly less than 12mL. Another random error could have occurred when adding 4 drops of methylene blue, some drops may have contained more liquid than others, meaning some test tubes may have contained less methylene blue indicator than
Ascorbic acid is an extremely vital element that is present in many fruits and vegetables, like oranges, lemons, tomatoes, broccoli and etc. But since it can break down easily with the presence of heat, it can be lost during cooking. That is why most foods have added vitamin C. The recommended daily amount of Vitamin C for adults is between 75mg to 90 mg. However, taking too much of Vitamin C can cause harm.
The widely known Linus Pauling may have been the first individual to propose the importance of vitamin C as a means of improved health, and a preventive measure of such illnesses as cancer. However, the proposal of high dosed Vitamin C was not received in a positive manner, as it is often considered one of the most controversial proposals in 20th century science. Despite the evidence proposed by Pauling, many scientists of the time deemed this idea as too “simplistic”; the proposal of high dosed vitamin c continued to be ignored for most of the 20th century. It wouldn’t be until Pauling’s death that this subject was viewed in more scrutiny. Many of the findings in the 21st century confirmed Linus Pauling’s proposal of almost 70 years ago. Not only has high dosed vitamin c been shown to be very effective preventive measure, it has also been shown to have anti-cancer properties. These findings have intrigued us to take a more in depth look at the correlation between melanoma and high dosed vitamin c.
Vitamin, any of the organic compounds required by the body in small amounts for metabolism, to protect health, and for proper growth in children. Vitamins also assist in the formation of hormones, blood cells, nervous-system chemicals, and genetic material. The various vitamins are not chemically related, and most differ in their physiological actions. They generally act as catalysts, combining with proteins to create metabolically active enzymes that in turn produce hundreds of important chemical reactions throughout the body. Without vitamins, many of these reactions would slow down or cease. The intricate ways in which vitamins act on the body, however, are still far from clear.
In this experiment, there were several objectives. First, this lab was designed to determine the difference, if any, between the densities of Coke and Diet Coke. It was designed to evaluate the accuracy and precision of several lab equipment measurements. This lab was also designed to be an introduction to the LabQuest Data and the Logger Pro data analysis database. Random, systematic, and gross errors are errors made during experiments that can have significant effects to the results. Random errors do not really have a specific cause, but still causes a few of the measurements to either be a little high or a little low. Systematic errors occur when there are limitations or mistakes on lab equipment or lab procedures. These kinds of errors cause measurements to be either be always high or always low. The last kind of error is gross errors. Gross errors occur when machines or equipment fail completely. However, gross errors usually occur due to a personal mistake. For this experiment, the number of significant figures is very important and depends on the equipment being used. When using the volumetric pipette and burette, the measurements are rounded to the hundredth place while in a graduated cylinder, it is rounded to the tenth place.
Three to five daily servings of vegetables and two to four servings of fruits are necessary to supply vitamins, particularly A and C. Recommended fruits include citrus (oranges, grapefruits) as well as apples, bananas, guavas, mangos and dried fruit. Vegetables may be dark green -- such as broccoli, spinach or kale -- or a variety of others including carrots, cabbage, ...
My average intake is 66 mg. it is lower than the required Vitamin C intake. Deficiency in Vitamin C can develop scurvy, if vitamin C is missing on our diet. Oranges, lemon and other citrus fruits, bell pepper, kiwi broccoli, berries, tomatoes and papayas are rich in Vitamin C . Lack of Vitamin D on diet can develop rickets to small children. The required intake for this vitamins is 15microgram and my report is zero. Vitamin D can be achieved from exposure of skin to ultra violet rays of the sun. Vitamin E is responsible for transmission of nerve impulses, body weakness and eye problem that can cause blindness. My nutrient intake for Vitamin 10 mg AT and the require intake is 15 mg AT, which is 5 mg lower than the require amount. Food related to Vitamin E are green leafy vegies such as spinach, kale are rich in Vitamin E, in addition, broccoli, hazel nuts, squash and pumpkin are also rich in Vitamin E. My vitamin K intake is 3 microgram, way too low compared to the requirement which is 90 microgram. Vitamin K deficiency can cause hemorrhagic disease of new born. Food that gives Vitamin K are green leafy vegetables such as kale and spinach, canola oils, olive oils, and
There is also the potential of human error within this experiment for example finding the meniscus is important to get an accurate amount using the graduated pipettes and burettes. There is a possibility that at one point in the experiment a chemical was measured inaccurately affecting the results. To resolve this, the experiment should have been repeated three times.
When one hears the three words: vitamins, nutrients, and minerals, they think of one thing-being healthy and noticing what your intake is daily. Nutrition is all about vitamins and nutrients. Firstly, vitamins are an organic compound required by the body in small amounts of metabolism, to protect health, and for proper growth of children. Vitamins also assist in the formation of hormones, blood cells, nervous systems chemicals, and genetic material. There are 13 well-identified vitamins. Some examples of the 13 well-identified vitamins are: A, D, E, and K-fat contained foods, B, C-consumed immediately. A well known and commonly used in commercials for orange juice vitamin is vitamin C. Vitamin C or ascorbic acid is important in the synthesis and maintenance of connective tissues. The lack of vitamin C will result in a sickness called scurvy. Scurvy harms the gums, mucous membranes, and the skin. Another well-known vitamin and is also used to commercial to give more information about this beverage is the vitamin in milk. The vitamin in milk is vitamin D. If you do not drink milk and obtain this vitamin, your bones and teeth will become soft and weak. Lacking one or more of the 13 well-identified vitamins will cause sickness and weakness to your body. Secondly, nutrients are how the body assimilates certain compounds. Nutrients are classified in 5 major groups: proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals. One of the five nutrients is carbohydrate. The carbohydrate group principally consists of sugar, starch, dextrin, cellulose, and glycogen. In more basic terms, carbohydrates are sugars needed by human and other living organisms. Some types of foods that contain carbohydrates would be candies, ice cream, fruit juice, soda, chocolate bars etc. Lastly, vitamins are connected to minerals. Minerals are also a very important part of a healthy person. There are 11 major groups of minerals. They are: calcium, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, magnesium, manganese, phosphorous, potassium, selenium, and zinc. All these terms look very familiar if one has taken chemistry. These are the elements of our world. One of the more common minerals that most people have heard of is calcium. Calcium also helps with the structure and strength of teeth and bones. Vitamins and minerals work together to help humans maintain a healthy body. For example, vitamin D works with calcium to help for and maintain the strength of teeth and bones.
Vitamins are essential aids in many body processes, converting food the energy, building and maintaining cells, and other functions.
One possible source of experimental error could be not having a solid measurement of magnesium hydroxide nor citric acid. This is because we were told to measure out between 5.6g-5.8g for magnesium hydroxide and 14g-21g for citric acid. If accuracy measures how closely a measured value is to the accepted value and or true value, then accuracy may not have been an aspect that was achieved in this lab. Therefore, not having a solid precise measurement and accurate measurement was another source of experimental error.
... were variables that were controlled, there was another variable which I did not identify until after our investigations were done. Vitamin C is easily oxidized so when the juices were left out some of the vitamin C in them might have oxidized.
There are only two negative aspects of vitamin C. It is not produced in the human body, so a person needs to have a daily intake of at least 60 mg (recommended daily value) to stay healthy (5). There are many ways for a person to obtain vitamin C. One way is to take a daily vitamin that contains 100% of the recommended amount. Other ways to receive the amount needed is to eat foods that are rich in vitamin C. Some fruit rich in vitamin C are oranges, grapefruit, watermelon, and strawberries. Some vegetables that contain a high amount of vitamin C are asparagus, brussel s...
The only vitamin I was deficient in was vitamin D. I consumed 72% (10.76 mcg) of my daily recommended intake or DRI. Non-pregn...