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The capital asset pricing model: A critical literature review
The capital asset pricing model assumes
The capital asset pricing model: A critical literature review
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The purpose of this paper is to explain corporate investing in terms of risk and return and their inherent relationship. First, there will be an explanation of risk and return and the importance in deciding the right approach to match the appropriate risk tolerance to the expected return for an investment. There will be an explanation of how one can calculate an expected return and its variance. There will be a discussion on diversification to minimize risk while maximizing returns with portfolios and their effects associated with systematic and unsystematic factors. Also, there will some brief details on the security market line and on the capital asset pricing model. Finally, there will be a brief summary in understanding the relationship between risk and return and the importance of diversification to minimize risk while maximizing returns.
Investing, whether corporately or individually, is a means to produce financial growth through stocks and bonds in preparation for the future. Corporately, companies are looking for a means to invest profits to gain higher income and interest to further grow their business (Lee, 2014). Individually, people are typically looking for an investment vehicle to fund college tuition and retirement in hopes to live comfortably in their latter years. Whatever the purpose for investing, there will always be some risk involved with hopes of gaining a return. As an investor there are means to evaluate the possible risks with expected returns mathematically through expected returns, risk premium, and variance calculations. There is also a way to minimize risk and maximize returns for an investor in portfolio diversification. Also, there is a security market line that displays an investments beta ...
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...borrow money for the sole purpose of investing because there could be a down turn in the markets. For this reason, they would lose their initial investment which will have to be paid back to the creditor resulting in further loss in opportunity costs for other future needs. When choosing investment options, one should always consider maximizing return while minimizing risk to be a successful investor. One should calculate the expected rate of return keeping in mind both systematic and unsystematic factors that could circumvent their efforts in choosing the right investment to suit their risk-to-return tolerance level. One way to minimize the effects of unsystematic factors is through diversification by spreading funds over various assets within the markets. Diversification is the key to success in the long run to realize the best rate of return to risk ratio.
Before we invested, we decided to pick two types of companies to invest in. We would choose companies that had expensive stock but steady increasing prices and we would choose smaller companies that had cheaper stock but whom had a chance for potential huge price increases. If the smaller companies’ stock went down the bigger companies’ steadily increasing stock would even it out, but if the smaller companies’ stock price rose greatly, like we predict, we could sell and make a good profit. We found a big name company that had reliable stock prices pretty quick, but finding a small company whose stock price could rise was hard. We
Investing in stocks involves owning part of a company’s equity which effectively enables the shareholder to receive a portion of the company’s earnings and assets in form of dividends. Stocks are generally categorized as either common stocks or preferred stocks whereby common stock allow investors to vote on key issues but do not guarantee of dividends (Markowitz 78). Preferred stocks on the other hand do not provide voting rights but assure stockholders of dividend payments. Investing in stocks offers investors comparatively high returns relative to treasury securities but the investments also have high inherent risk. Stocks are purchased through licensed stockbrokers who range from the discounted order-taking online brokers, to the pricey full-service brokers and money managers (Sourd 112). Despite the type of broker an investor opts for, the stock market has the potential to generate high returns through an investment strategy. One of the main strategies employed is diversification which involves the purchasing of different stocks with varied performance and rates of returns in order to spread out the risk of the individuals stocks across a portfolio. Investing in stocks is therefore one of the most profitable alternatives of personal financial planning, and should be considered as one of the investment vehicles that generates an additional income stream.
Bodie, Zvi, Alex Kane, and Alan J. Marcus. Essentials of Investments. Ninth ed. N.p.: McGraw, 2013.
...r investments that can support the other weight and balance their portfolio and therefore alleviate some of the risk they face.
Market Risk is also known as Systematic Risk due to its broad impact on investments. The level of Market Risk depends on the probability that the entire market will decline and drag down the values of all companies. With Market Risk, investors stand to lose value irrespective of the companies, business sectors, or investment vehicles they are invested in. It can be difficult for investors to protect themselves against market risk, since investment strategies, like diversification, is mostly ineffective (Investopedia,
This assignment is concerned with your understanding of the key issues relative to portfolio analysis and investment. In completing this assignment you are to limit your scope to the US stock markets only. Use the Cybrary, the Internet, and course resources to write a 2-page essay which you will use with new clients of your financial planning business which addresses the following issues and/or practices:
In turn everything in the present and the future is judged through the stocks as they hold a high importance in industrialized economies showing the healthiness of said countries economy. As investing discourages consumer spending over all decreases, it lead...
Graham and Harvey surveyed the CFOs of 392 U.S. firms and found that when estimating the capital of assets,73.5% of respondents use the CAPM.( Graham, J. R., and C. R. Harvey,2001) It is a model which uses simple formula to evaluate asset pricing and investor behavior. This model is absolutely the method with most investors used, but many financial experts raise an objection to the veracity of this method in the recent years. Later in the main body of the essay will discuss these questions. In the first part of the essay will introduce the CAPM and the main factor of this method. Secondly, is the discussion of the uses and limits of the CAPM while evaluating the potential investment of a firm 's
The execution of our investment strategy occurred in three stages. First, we invested in t-bills and bonds according to our original set out investment plan. This was to decrease potential losses and risk associated with the declining equity market. Therefore, we invested about two hundred thousand of our funds into these low risk assets to maintain buying power. Due to inflation, we did not want to lose buying power by leaving funds in an account without earning interest. Further, we invested a small portion of funds into the commodity market. With a slumping equity market and a positive outlook on the gold commodity, we invested in Gold Corporation at the same time we invested in income assets.
Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) is an ex ante concept, which is built on the portfolio theory established by Markowitz (Bhatnagar and Ramlogan 2012). It enhances the understanding of elements of asset prices, specifically the linear relationship between risk and expected return (Perold 2004). The direct correlation between risk and return is well defined by the security market line (SML), where market risk of an asset is associated with the return and risk of the market along with the risk free rate to estimate expected return on an asset (Watson and Head 1998 cited in Laubscher 2002).
No firm can be a success without some form of risk management. Risk are the uncertainty in investments requiring an assessment. Risk assessment is a structured and systematic procedure, which is dependent upon the correct identification of hazards and an appropriate assessment of risks arising from them, with a view to making inter-risk comparisons for purposes of their control and avoidance (Nikolić and Ružić-Dimitrijevi, 2009). ERM is a practice that firms implement to manage risks and provide opportunities. ERM is a framework of identifying, evaluating, responding, and monitoring risks that hinder a firm’s objectives. The following paper is a comparison and evaluation to recommended practices for risk manage using article “Risk Leverage
According to Investopedia (Asset Allocation Definition, 2013), asset allocation is an investment strategy that aims to balance risk and reward by distributing a portfolio’s assets according to an individual’s goals, risk tolerance and investment horizon. There are three main asset classes: equities, fixed-income, cash and cash equivalents; but they all have different levels of risk and return. A prudent investor should be careful in allocating each asset class to his portfolio. Proper asset allocation is a highly debatable subject and is not designed equally for everybody, but is rather based on the desires and needs of the individual investor. This paper discusses the importance of asset allocation, the differences and the proper diversification within the portfolio.
While it is very important for young individuals to start to save and invest for their retirement, there are aspects that they should consider before jumping into investing into securities. Those subjects are cash, enough insurance, should you buy a home, how secure is your job, how much risk can you handle, equities are risky, get started, do everything, be flexible, and can you save and invest too much. These ten aspects should be looked at, analyzed, and taken into very critical thought before saving and investing into securities.
I am currently majoring in Finance Management. Most of the time people think of finance as just managing money. However, finance is needed for so much more! The finance industry deals with starting businesses, developing new products, expanding markets, as well as everyday things like saving for retirement, purchasing a home, and even insurance. The stock market, asset allocation, portfolio analysis, and electronic commerce are all key aspects in finance. In this paper, I will explain how these features play a vital role in the industry, along with the issues that come with these factors.
The Modern portfolio theory {MPT}, "proposes how rational investors will use diversification to optimize their portfolios, and how an asset should be priced given its risk relative to the market as a whole. The basic concepts of the theory are the efficient frontier, Capital Asset Pricing Model and beta coefficient, the Capital Market Line and the Securities Market Line. MPT models the return of an asset as a random variable and a portfolio as a weighted combination of assets; the return of a portfolio is thus also a random variable and consequently has an expected value and a variance.