By dissecting a frog, one can observe the many systems that enable a frog to function like many other organisms. The systems that were analyzed through dissection were the epidermis, muscles, digestive, urogential, circulatory, and respiratory system. All systems, including the skeletal, and nervous system, were compared to organisms rudimentary and advanced to the frog. The life cycle and taxonomy of a frog were also researched during this lab. Through frog dissection, an individual may expand their knowledge of multiple body systems in organisms like their own. The systems observed from the dissected frog were compared to a fish and a human. The first system analyzed was the epidermis of a frog, which is used for respiratory functions through capillaries, temperature regulation, and body protection against pathogens. In a human, the epidermis layer is used mainly to protect the internal body from pathogens and to regulate temperature through oil glands. The skins of fish are covered in mucus and scale layers that are used for insulation, and protection. The functions of the skin on these three organisms serve a main purpose of insulation, and protection though a layer of either mucus or oil glands, but a frog also has the ability to breathe through skin through osmosis. The lungs of frogs serve some purpose in respiration, but the main respiration function is found in the skin. Frogs use their lungs mainly for buoyancy when swimming. To breathe through lungs, a frog inhales through there nasal cavity, and expands its throat which acts as a diaphragm since they have none. Humans have a diaphragm that allows them to inhale as much oxygen as possible. The lungs of a human contain more bronchioles, and alveoli for intricate gas exc... ... middle of paper ... ... to develop legs, teeth and skin. In two months, the tadpoles develop into froglets, frogs with long tails, and start eating bugs, not plants. In four months, the frog is an adult and is able to breathe air, walk on land with no tail, and becomes a carnivore. For the rest of its life, the frog will spend fall and winter hibernating while mating and eating in the spring and summer, repeating the life cycle. By performing a dissection of a frog, one can see that there are similarities and differences between frog, fish, and human. The epidermis, digestive, circulatory, and respiratory organs serve similar functions while the skeletal, muscle, and common systems, previously mentioned, serve the specific needs of these organisms. The taxonomy revealed the life cycle of a frog and concluded the rudimentary and complex functional similarities of fish, frog, and human.
There are some nice adaptations for the Strawberry dart frog. They can extract toxic alkaloids from variance of mites, ants, millipedes, and beetles. When they extract these poisons, they store it in compounds in glands on their skin. Lisa Lester says that when the frog feels threatened, they can release the toxins stored in their glands at the enemy. (Lisa Lester, “Strawberry Poison Frogs Feed Their Babies Poison Eggs”)
In Labs 22 through 26, my lab partner and I were assigned a fetal pig to perform a dissection on in order to understand anatomy, the study of an organism’s structure1, and physiology, the study of the functions and activities of a living organism2. Throughout these labs, we studied the structure of the fetal pig and performed experiments to understand four system processes: digestion, cardiovascular, respiratory, and excretory. Dissecting an organism, physically moving and seeing the different portions of the organism, especially of a fetal pig, is very important. This helps in the understanding of the skeletal structure and what series of physical and chemical processes the mammalian species body performs in order to survive.
Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology Third Edition by Eldra Pear Soloman (pgs. 51 and 58)
Audesirk, Teresa, Gerald Audesirk, and Bruce E. Byers. Biology: Life on Earth with Physiology. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, 2011. 268-69. Print.
Ross, A. C. (2005). Physiology. In B. Caballero, L. Allen, & A. Prentice (Eds.), Encyclopedia of
Marieb, E.N., Hoehn, K. 2013. Human Anatomy and Physiology. 9th edition. Pearson Education Inc. ISPN-13: 978-0-321-74326-8.
All reptiles breathe using lungs. Reptiles have two lungs but some snakes only have one. Also a few others have one lung enlarged and the other one small. One other lung shape is a
Marieb, E. N., (2006). Essentials of human anatomy and physiology. San Francisco, CA: Benjamin Cummings.
The frog’s back is usually textured with coarse tubercles. Its fingers are thinly webbed while the hind foot is more developed. Large disks exist on the fingers and toes to assist with climbing and sticking to objects (Dickerson, 1969). The male and female Grey Tree Frogs are very similar. They are distinguished by the male having a dark underside of his throat. Also the females ears are smaller then the males (Dickerson, 1969).
Some of the organ systems of the body are the integumentary system, skeletal system, muscular system, nervous system, senses, and endocrine system. They are all equally as important to the survival of the human body. The first organ system that will be discussed is the integumentary system. The main purpose of the integumentary system is protection from infection, harmful rays of the sun, and cuts. Furthermore, the organs found in the integumentary system are the skin, hair, nails, sense receptors, sweat glands, and oil glands. The second organ system is the skeletal system. The skeletal system is made up of a total of 206 bones, 80 bones in the axial skeleton which is the trunk and head, and 126 bones in the appendicular skeleton which is the upper and lower extremities, and pelvis area. In addition, the main duties of the skeletal system are posture, aids muscles in movement, and heat production. The organs fou...
Frogs are amphibians in the order Anura. The order Anura is broken down into 22 different families of frogs and toads. Although they belong to the same order, frogs and toads are different in a lot of ways. Some of the more distinct differences are their skin and where they live. Frogs usually have smooth moist skin and toads usually have dry watery looking skin. Frogs spend most of their lives in or near water and toads spend more time on land. Amphibian means "double life." Frogs and toads each have two parts to their lives: when they live on water and when they live land. A frog's life starts in the water when it is hatched from an egg as a tadpole. A tadpole looks very different from an adult frog. A tadpole has a tail, no limbs, and breathes through gills. After a while the tadpole goes through metamorphosis. During the change the frog grows limbs, the tail disappears, it uses lungs to breathe, and it doesn't have to live in water anymore. As a tadpole, the frog feeds mostly on vegetation. The tadpoles have a small rasping mouth suited especially for scraping algea from the bottom of ponds. Depending on the species, it can take a few weeks to a year or more for the tadpoles to become fully grown. Not all frogs hatch as tadpoles. Some species of frogs hatch as froglets. Froglets look just like adult frogs but are a lot smaller. Froglets don't go through a metamophosis. Most species that hatch as froglets are found in dry places. Frogs who live in dry places where rains are seasonal have to grow up quickly because a tadpole will die if their temporary pond dries up. Adult frogs can live in water or on land, but it always needs to be near water so its respiratory organs don't dry out.
Martini, F. H., & Nath, J. L. (8th Edition). (2009). Fundementals of human anatomy and physiology. San Francisco, CA: Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
The first step was to obtain the White Rat and to tie it in the supine position, anterior surface facing up in side the dissection pan. To tie the animal, we used butcher’s twine and secured the front and hinds legs using a “lasso” technique, careful not touch the sharp claws. To make the first insicion I had to locate the Xifoid Process of the rat (distal aspect of the sternum). Once I had located the Xifoid Process, I had to use forceps to pull the skin of the animal’s abdomen up and use the scissors to cut. The first incision is made from stem to sternum, cutting through the errectos abdomen muscle down to the groin. The second incision ion is perpendicular to the first below the diaphragm. Because of this technique we were able to open the abdominal cavity first. The third and forth incisions were made bilaterally above the legs. The last two incisions were made in upside down “V” shape on the collarbone, to expose the thoracic cavity. This dissection was both sharp, because of the use of the scissors and scapel and blunt because of the use of the probe and forceps to move organs and skin to expose other organs not yet identified.
Evolution is defined as the change of hereditary characteristics of populations over generations (Caroll, 2009). The environment is continually changing therefore organisms have to change in order to stand the changes in environment so they can survive and reproduce (Caroll, 2009). Regular change in genetic material of organisms over generations can lead to the development of new species that are more adapted to the environment (Caroll, 2009). It is said that failure to evolve may lead to extinction of a species (Caroll, 2009).
During the same time period as Hippocrates, Aristotle (384 – 322 B.C.) also conducted anatomical and physiological research. Aristotle dissected animals and he based his ideas of human anatomy on his findings in animals, which was not entirely accurate, but did hold some truth. He distinguished between arte...