Tourette Syndrome (TS) is an inherited tic disorder that usually appears in early childhood and is classified by multiple motor tics and verbal tics. (Mayo 2012) Tics are sudden and repetitive movements, with motor tics being physical muscle movements, and verbal tics being sudden vocalization. Common tics range anywhere from constant eye blinking to throat clearing and grunting. Although the word “involuntary” is usually used to describe tics, this is not completely true, a better word would be “compelling.” It wouldn’t be true to say that people with Tourette’s can’t control their tics, some people can hold the tics back for hours at a time, but this only leads to a bigger outburst when they are finally let go. Tics are comparable to scratching a mosquito bite, you are not forced to scratch it, but you feel the need to. Tics urge you to perform an action, but do not actually make you perform that action. Though tics generally occur all the time, they are more noticeable in times of stress. (NIH 2012)
There is not a specific test that can diagnose Tourette’s, and doctors must rely on the history of symptoms to diagnose it. The criteria to diagnose TS include things such as: having both motor and vocal tics, it occurs before age 18, the tics aren’t caused by medications or another medical condition, and that the tics occur several times a day, every day, for over a year.
Though the exact causes of Tourette’s are unknown, we know that it has to do with abnormalities in the development of the brain and nervous system, namely the frontal lobes. Evidence suggests that it is caused by an imbalance in the brain chemicals like dopamine, which controls movements and impulses. (Steer 2010) Even the slightest imbalance in the brain’s chem...
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...these include antidepressants, stimulants, and blood pressure medication. Antidepressants help control anxiety and sadness, which are triggers of tics. For antidepressants, I have taken Abilify, Fluoxetine, and Prozac. For me, these are the medications that really helped me control my tics by targeting the main triggers of my tics. With Tourette’s, I have always had tics, but the times that they are the most noticeable are when I am stressed or anxious about something. Stimulant medications are used to help increase attention and concentration. When you are concentrated on something, your tics are naturally suppressed, and these medications help you concentrate on something besides your tics. Central adrenergic inhibitors, such as Clonidine, are usually prescribed for high blood pressure, help control physical symptoms, and help suppress the impulse to perform a tic.
Tourette syndrome is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by motor and phonic tics usually starting in childhood and often accompanied by poor impulse control (Chiu, 2013, p.405). The disorder is named for Dr. Georges Gilles de la Tourette, the pioneering French neurologist who in 1885 first described the condition in an 86-year-old French woman (ninds.nih.gov, 2013). Tourette syndrome was once considered to be a rare a condition that causes a person to make repeated, quick movements or sounds that they cannot control. These movements or sounds are called tics, but this symptom is only present in a minority of cases.
Case History: T.C. is a 13 year old, 2 month old girl in the seventh grade. T.C. lives with her parents and she is the oldest of three children. T.C.’s prenatal and birth history was unremarkable. T.C. was normal developing until 18 months old. By 18 months old it was apparent that T.C. was delayed in speech. In addition, she walked on her toes, did not make eye contact with others, had a terrible fear of loud sounds, cried frequently, and was a poor sleeper. She was evaluated before her second birthday and was diagnosed with Asperger’s Syndrome or related pervasion developmental disorders and has profound difficulty with social interaction. She has received speech therapy, with an emphasis on social skills training, intense therapeutic therapy, and occupational therapy. T.C. is in a regular seventh grade classroom with an aide to assist her throughout her day.
One out of every 360 children have Tourettes. Tourette’s is a neurological disorder, which means that it takes place in the nervous system. It affects males three to four times more than females. There’s no exact known reason as to why. Symptoms begin at ages three to nine, and typically, the first sign is excessive blinking. This
In recent years researchers have made significant advances in the field and have come up with many neuroleptic (antipsychotic) medications to treat the disorder. However along with these medical breakthroughs problems have occurred. The most severe side effect is called Tardive Dyskinesia, literally meaning "late movement disorder." (1) Coined in 1964, it is identified by the involvement of numerous "abnormal, involuntary movements of the orofacial area or extremities." . (2) More specifically, it is characterized by rocking, twisting, jerking, toe tapping, lip smacking, blinking, and most commonly an unusual movement of the tongue. . (1) (2)(3). Interestingly enough, these side effects disappear during sleep. (3)
rarely exhibit all of the symptoms, or all of the tics. The vocal and motor tics
In addition, it seems that some individuals with borderline personality disorder have a number of regions on their brain with abnormal function and structure. It is suggested that many individuals with this illness have altered functioning of serotonin, a neurotransmitter in their brain. This alteration has been linked to depression, aggression, and difficulty in controlling destructive urges. Two other neurotransmitter, dopamine and noradrenaline, though little evidence has been found suggests that if altered they may be associated with emotional instability. Researchers have been using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans to study the brains of individuals with this mental illness. They discovered that problems in the amygdala, hippocampus, and the orbitofrontal cortex may be linked to the symptoms of borderline personality disorder. (Borderline personality disorder- causes,
Owens, Robert E., Dale E. Metz, and Kimberly A. Farinella. Introduction to Communication Disorders: A Lifespan Evidence-Based Perspective. Four ed. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, 2011. 194-216. Print.
Behavior analysis theory helps people to understand how human being function within the existences of the humanity people live in. Behavioral analysis applied to individuals within a spacious sort of families, schools, workplaces, residential areas, and cultures. Behavior analysis has assisted individual to develop academic knowledge and science. A variety of training and professional accomplishments. The principles of applied behavior analysis, ABA focus on behavioral intervention for youngsters diagnosed with an autistic spectrum disorder. Autistic children have difficulty learning basic skills and required specialized therapy to acquire normal everyday skills.
Due to the intense nature of the physical symptoms of PD and its impact of one’s life, various researchers has identified different contributory factors of this disorder. Some studies indicated hyperventilation, over activity in the noradrenergic neurotransmitter system, interceptive classical conditioning, anxiety sensitivity, catastrophic misinterpretation of bodily sensations and safety behaviors are potential factors of PD (Davey, 2014). While, other researchers have stated PD is possibly caused by genetic predisposition, abnormalities in serotonin, and early developmental factors (Sansone et al., 1998). As the etiology of PD remains unknown and further studies are being conducted, it is agreed upon the mental health community that biological, psychological and cognitive factors contribute to the etiology and maintenance of PD.
“Stuttering is a interruption in the fluency of verbal expression”(Büchel et al. 2004). This action can be characterized as involuntary repetitions or prolongations of sounds or syllables (Büchel et al., 2004). Although we know those actions to be true, there are many other secondary actions that may occur including negative emotions such as anxiety, embarrassment, or frustration. According to Büchel et al., stuttering usually develops between the ages of two and five years old. For children under the age 6 who stutter, there are many therapy programs that have been developed such as the Parent-Child Interaction Therapy, an indirect approach (Millard et al., 2008). The goal of these programs are to “establish fluency at the single-word level and gradually increase utterance length while maintaining fluency” (Millard et al., 2008).
Medication- Doctors also may prescribe medication to help treat OCD. The most commonly prescribed medications for OCD are anti-anxiety medications and antidepressants. Anti-anxiety medications are powerful and there are different types. Many types begin working right away, but they generally should not be taken for long periods.
There are not any medical tests for diagnosing autism. For example, a person does not get blood work taken and it come back positive for autism. A diagnosis for autism is based on the existence or absence of specific behaviors shown in the individual being questioned. An accurate diagnosis is based on the individuals’ communication, social interaction, and interest levels (www.autism-society.org). Usually the first to notice any signs of something being wrong with the child is always the parents....
These individuals would evaluate and determine if there is aphasia present and, if so, determine what type of aphasia it is by one’s symptoms. Three tests that can be done as an assessment to test to diagnose aphasia is formal testing, screening and instrumentation. During the process of screening, one is usually checked for their overall performance and then referred to another professional for additional testing and assessments if there appears to be something wrong. The upside of screening is that they are usually inexpensive. Formal testing is used to determine how severe, how present, and what type of aphasia one has. This can be done using assessments such as the Western Aphasia Battery. The aphasia battery test takes around 1.5 hours to complete the full assessment to test for reading, writing, construction and praxis levels, and helps determine the location of the lesion causing aphasia. Instrumentation that is used is usually online instrumentation. This instrumentation is applied in the assessment when measuring one’s communication such as repeating words they see or naming pictures they see as well. Overall, the assessment of aphasia is examining an individual’s auditory comprehension along with their skills pertaining to reading, naming, and
Tardive Dyskinesia (TD) is a serious side-effect associated with long-term use of typical antipsychotic meds. It is characterized by involuntary, jerky movements of the face, jaw, tongue, trunk and limbs. TD sometimes resolves with discontinuation of the drug.
...tics won’t work, than all I have to say is you must them and prove me wrong.