The mass incarceration system has continuously oppressed, used, and devalued people of color since the era of slavery. Slavery started when there was a demand in labor to aid the production of crops such as tobacco, and African slaves were brought over to the United States. This is where the evolution began behind the concept of race, and the idea around white supremacy began to spread. In 1865, the thirteenth amendment abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. By law, African Americans were “free” but were still inferior to white people. The birth of Jim Crow laws started in 1865, and implemented the state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern states. In the 1950’s and 60’s, the …show more content…
The current U.S. prison system is overflowing with people who have been handed mandatory-minimum sentences because of the law that was implemented in the 90’s by Bill Clinton. It has been over a decade since that bill passed, and many people have suffered long enough because of it. I use to work in an employment program that helped people on parole obtain employment. Many of my clients were African American, and had committed crimes as an adolescent. I went to a conference once, and was told a statistic that stuck with me for years. I was told that African American men who do not graduate high school, have a 90% chance of being incarcerated. It has been over a century since slavery was abolished, yet the system is still set up for African Americans to fail. This policy could give people the opportunity to change their lives, and help them escape from the birdcage that society traps them in. Alexander (2012) described how the birdcage’s purpose is to trap the bird, and operates (together with the other wires) to restrict its freedom. The wires are arranged in a way that serve to enclose the bird to ensure that it cannot escape. This is exactly the way the law is restricting the freedom and opportunity for African Americans in the U.S. They are set up to go into the system because they are racially profiled, given harsher sentences, and given no support to rise above the oppression. When I think of mass incarceration and the New Jim Crow, I am reminded of the current Black Lives Matter movement. This movement is saying that Black lives matter, despite the centuries of slavery and oppression has shown that they don’t matter. Change will not happen for this country until African American’s are viewed as people worthy of opportunity and
Michelle Alexander wrote a book called "The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness." The original Jim Crow was a racial caste system that segregated whites from blacks, where whites were privileged and viewed as the chosen ones while blacks were taught to be minority and used as servants between 1877 and the 1960s. The Jim Crow system kept whites superior to blacks with laws created to keep whites favored. It was a legal way to prevent African Americans from getting an equal education, from voting; it was a system of "Separate but Equal". In 1964 the Civil Rights Act was passed to outlaw discrimination due to ones skin color. Although this act was passed we still continue to live in a society where discrimination is quite relevant but systemized. Through Michelle Alexander's book we can understand her argument that there is a new form of legal discrimination although laws state that discriminating an individual because of their race is illegal. Michelle explains that there is a current mass incarceration among black men in the United States. The use of, possession of, or selling drugs is illegal but it has been systematically created that laws make it impossible to. She claims that the criminal justice system uses the War on Drugs as a way to discriminate and repress the black man.
For 75 years following reconstruction the United States made little advancement towards racial equality. Many parts of the nation enacted Jim Crowe laws making separation of the races not just a matter of practice but a matter of law. The laws were implemented with the explicit purpose of keeping black American’s from being able to enjoy the rights and freedoms their white counterparts took for granted. Despite the efforts of so many nameless forgotten heroes, the fate of African Americans seemed to be in the hands of a racist society bent on keeping them down; however that all began to change following World War II. Thousands of African American men returned from Europe with a renewed purpose and determined to break the proverbial chains segregation had keep them in since the end of the American Civil War. With a piece of Civil Rights legislation in 1957, the federal government took its first step towards breaking the bonds that had held too many citizens down for far too long. The Civil Rights Act of 1957 was a watered down version of the law initially proposed but what has been perceived as a small step towards correcting the mistakes of the past was actually a giant leap forward for a nation still stuck in the muck of racial division. What some historians have dismissed as an insignificant and weak act was perhaps the most important law passed during the nation’s civil rights movement, because it was the first and that cannot be underestimated.
Today, more African American adults are under correctional control than were enslaved in 1850, a decade before the Civil War began (Alexander 180). Throughout history, there have been multiple racial caste systems in the United States. In her book The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, Michelle Alexander defines a “racial caste” as “a racial group locked into an inferior position by law and custom” (12). Alexander argues that both Jim Crow and slavery functioned as racial caste systems, and that our current system of mass incarceration functions as a similar caste system, which she labels “The New Jim Crow”. There is now a silent Jim Crow in our nation. Mass incarceration today serves the same function as did slavery before the Civil War and Jim Crow laws after the Civil War - to uphold a racial caste system.
Many would argue that the reason why the incarceration rate for African Americans is sustainably higher compared to white American is because of economic situations, and because of past arrest patterns. While it is true that the economic opportunity someone has will affect their decisions, this argument doesn’t fully explain the real reason of why the rates are higher. To fully understand the reason why one must look back on America’s history and how African Americans were treated. The past arrest patterns do not explain why the gap continues to increase, however it is clear that the past arrest patterns is more an indicator of institutional racism that exists in this country. One study found that African Americans believe the reason for the high incarceration rates is becau...
Mass Incarceration: The New Jim Crow is the direct consequence of the War on Drugs. That aims to reduce, prevent and eradicate drug use in America through punitive means. The effect of the war on drug policies returned de jure discrimination, denied African Americans justice and undermined the rule of law by altering the criminal justice system in ways that deprive African Americans civil rights and citizenship. In the “New Jim Crow” Alexandra argues that the effects of the drug war policies are not unattended consequences but coordinated by designed to deny African Americans opportunity to gain wealth, be excluded from gaining employment and exercise civil rights through mass incarceration and felony conviction. The war on drugs not only changes the structure of the criminal justice system, it also changes the ways that police officers, prosecutors and judges do their jobs.
The purpose of this book is to educate. The facts of what mass incarceration has done particularly to African American communities are astounding
The disproportionate numbers of African Americans in the prison system is a very serious issue, which is not usually discussed in its totality. However, it is quite important to address the matter because it ultimately will have an effect on African Americans as a whole.
According to statistics since the early 1970’s there has been a 500% increase in the number of people being incarcerated with an average total of 2.2 million people behind bars. The increase in rate of people being incarcerated has also brought about an increasingly disproportionate racial composition. The jails and prisons have a high rate of African Americans incarcerated with an average of 900,000 out of the 2.2 million incarcerateed being African American. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics 1 in 6 African American males has been incarcerated at some point in time as of the year 2001. In theory if this trend continues it is estimated that about 1 in 3 black males being born can be expected to spend time in prison and some point in his life. One in nine African American males between the ages of 25 and 29 are currently incarcerated. Although the rate of imprisonment for women is considerably lower than males African American women are incarc...
Additionally, the incarceration rate for Black Americans relative to white Americans is higher than it was before the Civil Rights Movement. Professor Michelle Alexander (2012) focuses on the influence of mass incarceration on Black Americans. Alexander (2012) wrote, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, where she uses her experiences as a Civil Rights Lawyer. Alexander (2012) examines the development of institutionalized racism following the war on drugs, and how it has created what she calls a “New Jim Crow Era”. Additionally, Jim Crow laws are known as the former practice of segregating black people in America. Consequently, Steiker (2014) mentions, that modern day “Jim Crow laws” have presented negative effects towards Black Americans, such as, discrimination towards the right to vote, the right to serve on juries, to receive public benefits, to be free from discrimination in employment and housing and to earn wages free from garnishment as fees or fines. Steiker (2014) makes it known that it is imperative to note that a person who has been institutionalized has their basic human rights removed. Lawrence (2011) mentions that having 2.3 million people
Mass incarceration is a massive system of racial and societal management. It is the process by which individuals jailed for the criminal structure. Marked culprits and criminals are put in jail for a long time and after that are discharged into a permanent second-class status in which they are stripped of essential civil and human rights. It is a framework that works to control individuals, frequently at early ages, and all parts of their lives after they have been seen as suspects in some wrongdoing. Alexander discusses the three stages in the cycle of mass incarceration. Those three stages include roundup, the period of formal control, and period of invisible.
There are more black Americans who are under correctional control, on parole or probation and in jail or in prison than they were enslaved in the 19th century. Now there ...
The Incarceration Nation Incarceration was established to reform the guilty, making them safer for society. However, this system has faced many obstacles. Over the years, the incarcerated population has grown significantly. The United States has become the leading country in incarcerated population, creating the mass incarceration epidemic. Mass incarceration means that the United States’ prisons are becoming greatly overcrowded.
Even after slavery was abolished as an act of the end of racism and a dominant race, the criminal justice system has been involved in many cases in which racism has been evident. Rosa Parks, as a vivid example, could not help but make public the abuse of authority she felt when denigrated on the bus destined to Cleveland. She was asked by the bus driver to stand up and give up her seat to the white passengers that were standing. However, she refused to give it up and she was arrested. Parks was intentionally disobeying the Alabama Law that required her to forfeit her spot to a white person. This law in and of itself is racist and exemplifies the inequality permeated in the criminal justice
Prison is an institution for the confinement of persons convicted of criminal offenses. Throughout history, most societies have built places in which to hold persons accused of criminal acts pending some form of trial. The idea of confining persons after a trial as punishment for their crimes is relatively new.
According to A Report issued by the Justice Policy Institute, it showed that in 2002 the number of African American males in prison have grown to five times the rate it was twenty years ago (“Prison”). Many have speculated that reasons the population of African Americans in prison are so high is that the Justice System is corrupted and shows that Racism is alive and well. In some cases they may have been guilty, but there should never be a case were a citizen was striped from their rights and accused of a crime they didn’t commit or was protecting themselves from being killed. The Justice System is corrupted towards the African American race because they are given poor legal representation, death penalty with insufficient evidence and longer sentences than any other races that statistics can show.