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literature review on cervical cancer'
conclusion for std prevention
literature review on cervical cancer'
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Cervical cancer malignant cancer of the cervix uteris or cervical area. It may present with vaginal bleeding but symptoms may be absent until the cancer is in its advanced stages, which has made cervical cancer the focus of intense screening efforts using the Pap smear. About 2.2 percent of women carry one of the 2 virus strains most likely to lead to cervical cancer. One of the symptoms of Cervical Cancer is very Unusual amount of discharge.
Treatment consists of surgery in early stages and chemotherapy and radiotherapy in advanced stages of the disease. An effective HPV vaccine against the two most common cancer-causing strains of HPV has recently been licensed in the U.S. These two HPV strains together are responsible for approximately 70% of all cervical cancers. Experts recommend that women combine the benefits of both programs by seeking regular Pap smear screening, even after vaccination. Symptoms of advanced cervical cancer may include: loss of appetite, weight loss, fatigue, pelvic pain, back pain, leg pain, single swollen leg, heavy bleeding from the vagina, leaking of urine or feces from the vagina, and bone fractures.
Cervical cancer happens when cells in the cervix begin to grow out of control and can then invade nearby tissues or spread throughout the body. Large collections of this out of control tissue are called tumors. However, some tumors are not really cancer because they cannot spread or threaten someone's life. These are called benign tumors. The tumors that can spread throughout the body or invade nearby tissues are considered cancer and are called malignant tumors. Usually, cervix cancer is very slow growing although in certain circumstances it can grow...
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...sease (STD) is the main cause of cervical cancer. Cervical cancer resembles various nonmalignant venereal diseases in that it is associated with promiscuity. In to that?s addition, there was also another possible risk factor, Evita's mother died of cervical cancer at the age 77.
Cervical dysplasia is a also condition characterized by the presence of abnormal cells in the cervix, indicating either precancerous or cancerous cells. The condition is classified as low-grade or high-grade, depending on the extent of the abnormal cell growth. Low-grade cervical dysplasia progresses very slowly and typically resolves on its own. High-grade cervical dysplasia, however, tends to progress quickly and usually leads to cervical cancer. An estimated 66% of cervical dysplasia cases are estimated to progress to cancer within 10 years.
Cervical cancer possesses a high incidence rate of cancers among women. The uterine cervical cancer can be assessed at the squamo-columnar junction and the transformational zone. Within this site there is continuous metaplastic changes, between the squamous epithelium of the ectocervix and the columnar epithelium of the endocervix.
Mirkin, Gabe. "Eva Peron and Cervical Cancer." DrMirkin.com. The Lancet, 3 June 2000. Web. 10 Mar. 2012. .
This is brings up public health concern because HPV was usually widely known to infect mostly women and enforce to cause of cervical cancer. However, a head and neck cancer is also serious disease in worldwide by placing HNC as 5th most common cancer in 2008. Particularly, cohort studied from 1982 up to 2005 from Australia and Sweden showed HPV DNA positive incidence increased from about...
Peripheral blood samples were collected from 150 individuals for use in this study. 77 of the 150 samples were collected from individuals with histologically confirmed cervical carcinoma. 25 of the 77 samples were collected from individuals with stage I cervical carcinoma. 23 of the 77 samples were collected from individuals with stage II cervical carcinoma. 18 of the 77 samples were collected from individuals with stage III cervical carcinoma. 11 of the 77 samples were collected from individuals with stage IV cervical carcinoma. 73 of the 150 samples were collected from healthy individuals with no cervical carcinoma. Ten cervical carcinoma sera samples and eight normal sera samples were used to biopan; the remaining 67 cervical carcinoma samples and 65 normal samples were used to evaluate predictive value by receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves. Total RNA was extracted from the sample cells using the acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform method using Trizol as the reagent. Random hexamers were used in cDNA synthesis. BMI-1 was amplified by polymerase chain reactions (PCR). The PCR products were analyzed using agarose gel electrophoresis to confirm appropriate size and sequencing. Cells were washed and
Many people do not develop any symptoms or any health problems at the beginning, in most cases the body’s immune system gets rid of the virus in two years. Although there is no way to know who will develop health problems. Some cases will develop genital warts in both males and females, the warts can also appear in the mouth, throat, anus, fingers, nails and cervix. Other types of HPV may cause the cells in the body to turn abnormal, which might lead to cervical cancer overtime if left untreated. The types of HPV that causes genital warts are not the same as the ones that can cause cancer. Types of HPV that can cause cancer are called High Risk HPV’s.
Cervical cancer is the second most common female cancer after breast cancer in the under 35 age group. ( Bedford 2009)
Adams, Heather P., and Erica L. Carnright. "HPV Infection And Cervical Cancer Prevention." Clinician Reviews 23.9 (2013): 42-50. Academic Search Complete. Web. 10 Nov. 2013
...tion, nearly 80% of cases occur in low-income countries, where cervical cancer is the most common cancer in women. Of course by taking the vaccine one cannot eliminate the cancer since it only targets four strains of HPV but it will surely reduce those numbers greatly, and isn’t this what we want in the end?
The two most dangerous types of HPV do not cause warts. The Center for Disease control reported that the more deadly strands, “cause normal cells in the body to turn abnormal, and might lead to cancer over time. These HPV types can cause Cervical Cancer,” and the other types previously stated. Cervical Cancer does not have any symptoms until it reaches its more advanced stages. The CDC recommends, “It is important for women to get regular screening for cervical cancer. Screening tests can find early signs of disease so that problems can be treated early, before they ever turn into
There are four stages to diagnosing ovarian cancer, determined by how far the cancer has spread in the body. Each stage is characterized by an A, B, or C letter, depending on the degree in which the symptoms present themselves. The differences in each stage are as follows; stage 1 is when the cancer is either found in one ovary or both, stage 2 the tumor is found in one or both ovaries and extends to other pelvic structures, stage 3 the cancer has spread beyond the pelvis to the lining of the abdomen or to the lymph nodes and finally in stage 4 the cancer has spread to other organs in the body including the liver or lungs (Ovarian Cancer National Alliance). Cancer is “staged” by taking a sample of the infected tissue surgically and sending it to a lab for examination. Staging is crucial in order for medical professionals to determine which course of treatment would be the most effective for the given patient. If misdiagnosed, an entire area affected by this disease could potentially be missed and left untreated.
Every year, eight hundred Australian women are diagnosed with cervical cancer, despite it being one of the most preventable diseases out there. Think about it: That could be your sister, best friend or even you.
Early ovarian cancer often does not show any obvious signs. In most cases, the symptoms persist for several months before being recognized and diagnosed. Most typical symptoms include: bloating, abdominal or pelvic pain, difficulty eating, and possibly urinary symptoms. Most of the symptoms get over looked because of the simple fact that they are commonly seen periodicly. However the symptoms are also the same symptoms of menstral cycl...
An abnormal Pap smear result does not always indicate cancer cells, sometimes appear abnormal but are not cancerous. The women will have to return to the clinic for follow up
Vaginal Cancer is more likely to affect women who are 60 and older. Women can get diagnosed with vaginal cancer by the doctors looking at their medical history, getting a physical exam, pelvic exam, Colposcopy, Biopsy, and a Pap test. There are 4 stages of vaginal cancer. Stage 1 of vaginal cancer is when the cancer cells have entered the deep tissue layers of the vagina. Stage 2 is when the cancer cells have reached the connective tissue surrounding the vagina. In stage 3 is where the cancer has spread beyond the vagina to the walls of the pelvis to nearby lymph nodes, but they have not yet spread to the organs close to the vagina. And finally, stage 4 is separated into two parts, stage 4A and stage 4B. Stage 4A is where the disease has spread
Uterine cancer is an important women health problem developing rapidly, killing over 200,000 women each year. No one has discovered the actual cause, but there is a leading factor that has great suspicions to what is causing this cancer to grow rapidly.