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Patient safety in the hospital setting
Patient safety in the hospital setting
Patient safety in the hospital setting
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Sverdlovsk’s Mysterious Anthrax Outbreak
The unexplained death of many of Sverdlovsk’s citizens, contaminated meat and numerous diseased animals during April and May of 1979 raised worldwide concern. All of the victims were discovered to have shown signs of anthrax during their autopsies and the suspicion of Soviet government manipulating biological weapons intensified. The outbreak of anthrax in Sverdlovsk terrorized the world during this timeframe due to a possibility of a global epidemic. The Sverdlovsk incident was significant because the origin of this widespread bacteria is still disputable; the devastating affects of a global anthrax outbreak and the assumption of the Soviet government handling biological warfare weapons.
Dispute of Outbreak Causes
The Soviet governments announced that the nature of the incident that caused 96 deaths in the city of Sverdlovsk was a result do to the consumption of contaminated meat. Much scientific research was followed after this government deduction and the research supported that the incident was far more complex than the Soviet government exposed it to be. The United States contributed that the inappropriate handling of the deadly bacteria of anthrax caused the incident. As a result of the global pressure for precise answers towards the Soviet government, it was acknowledged by military officials that during this time frame a vaccine for anthrax was being experimented in a military microbiology facility near the affected region. After many years of disputes and unanswered questions, Soviet government officials finally admitted that the military facility in the city of Sverdlovsk could have been the reason for the epidemic. The government officials also communicated they doubted that th...
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...in the event of a widespread outbreak. Mass Casualty Decontamination is just one of the many measures we take to protect the homeland. Hospital, Police, Fire department, Homeland security and other three letter agencies now train on one similar plan to not only prevent situations like this but control and contain the spread of contamination throughout the United States. Hopefully we will never have to deal with an outbreak like this.
Works Cited
Buratovich, M. A. (2013). Anthrax and biological warfare. Salem Press Encyclopedia
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The sverdlovsk anthrax outbreak of 1979. Science, 266(5188), 1202. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/213540738?accountid=32521
Watt, D. A. (2013). Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention of 1972. Salem
Press Encyclopedia Of Science,
The Demon in the Freezer by Richard Preston is an intriguing book that discusses the anthrax terrorist attacks after 9/11 and how smallpox might become a future bioterrorist threat to the world. The book provides a brief history of the smallpox disease including details of an outbreak in Germany in 1970. The disease was eradicated in 1979 due to the World Health Organization’s aggressive vaccine program. After the virus was no longer a treat the World Health Organization discontinued recommending the smallpox vaccination. In conjunction, inventory of the vaccine was decreased to save money. The virus was locked up in two labs, one in the United States and one in Russia. However, some feel the smallpox virus exists elsewhere. Dr. Peter Jahrling and a team of scientists at the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases in Maryland became concerned terrorists had access to the smallpox virus and planed to alter the strain to become more resistant. These doctors conducted smallpox experiments to discover more effective vaccines in case the virus were released. Preparedness for a major epidemic is discussed as well as the ease with which smallpox can be bioengineered.
Guillemin, J. (2005). Biological weapons: From the invention of state-sponsored programs to contemporary bioterrorism Columbia University Press.
This Radiolab podcast talks about how the HIV/AIDS epidemic started: the ultimate patient zero story, a very recent event that still hurts and still bleeds.
The 2001 anthrax attacks was one of the worst bio-weapon attacks on the US in history. The attacks where done through the mail. The anthrax was placed in envelopes with a letter and mailed from various locations to different people and organizations. The anthrax filled letters ended up killing 5 people, causing 17 to become sick and exposing anthrax it is believed to as many as 30,000 people. During the mail process spores of anthrax from the letters escaped and got on mailroom equipment exposing postal employees. If a person was exposed to enough anthrax and developed symptoms they typically died in a few days. Postal workers during the attacks where told that anthrax will appear as a white powder t...
The most devastating result of the 2001 anthrax attacks is the lack of consequences for those persons responsible. There has not been enough evidence discovered or presented by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, or FBI, to adequately declare exactly who is responsible for the anthrax attacks. Regardless, there has been great speculation around a man named Steven Hatfill, and a large portion of the American society has placed the blame for the attacks on his shoulders. By dispelling contradictory proof, dissecting evidence, and examining other possible solutions, Steven Hatfill can be proven innocent of any links to the 2001 anthrax attacks.
The perspective the author gives to this book is a unique. Smallpox according to most histories does not play the role of a major character, but a minor part. In my opinion smallpox was a major factor during the Revolutionary War, and Feen focuses on several key areas which allows us to see just how bad this epidemic was and the grip it had not only on the soldiers, but the colonist as well.
On September 18th and the weeks following, a multitude of letters containing the Bacillus Anthracis bacterium were mailed to various New York news stations. Individuals at 5 different stations became ill with similar symptoms that included vomiting and shortness of breath. This began the nationwide panic known as the Amerithrax Investigation. The Amerithrax investigation was said to be the worst biological attacks in all of US History. Three weeks later, on October 9th, two more letters, containing the anthrax bacterium was mailed to two Democratic senators. In all of the 7 attacks, over 22 people developed infections, over half being life-threatening. The letters themselves confused federal investigators. In the sets of letters addressed to the media, certain T’s and A’s were bolded. When added together, the groups of letters formed 3 codons that corresponded to 3 amino acids. These amino acids pointed federal investigators towards a possible culprit, Bruce Edwards Ivins, a scientist for the US government in Frederick, Maryland.
Loo, Yueh-Ming and Michael Gale, Jr. “Influenza: Fatal Immunity and the 1918 Virus.” Nature 445 (2007): 267-268. 23 July. 2008 .
Many states and colonies across the globe issued detailed sets of directives to their residents on what exactly they should do if they come into contact with the illness. One such example is the directive issued by T.W.H. Holmes, the Secretary of the Victoria Board of Public Health in Australia. The directive details the symptoms, complications, treatment, and prevention of the disease. Something very common during the outbreak of any pandemic is the use of quarantines to separate the sick and the healthy. In fact, that is the first order for prevention of disease in T.W.H. Holme...
4 Nov. 2014 http://www.who.int/emc/diseases/smallpox/ smallpoxeradication.html> McCrary, Van. “Smallpox and Bioterrorism: A Growing Threat.” 3 Aug. 1999. 6 Nov. 2014 http://www.law.uh.edu/health/lawperspectives/Bioethics/990803 Smallpox.html>. Preston, Richard. A. “A Demon in the Freezer.”
Marburg virus belongs to the genus Marburgvirus in the family Filoviridae, and causes a grave hemorrhagic fever, known as Marburg hemorrhagic fever (MHF), in twain humans and nonhuman primates. Basic Safety measures for medical personnel and others who are taking care of presumed individuals who may be contaminated with Marburg disease. Marburg Virus, Akin to the more widely known Ebola hemorrhagic fever, MHF is portrayed by systemic viral replication, lowering the body’s normal immune response to invasion by foreign substances and abnormal inflammatory responses. Ebola and Marburg Virus are very similar in many ways Marburg virus was introduced first in the 1960’s. These pathological features of the disease subsidize to a numerous of systemic dysfunctions including
... CDC has also trained U.S. health care facilities to deal with Ebola emergencies, and communicate through the “Health Alert Network, the Clinician Outreach and Communication Activity, and a variety of existing tools and mechanisms (Office of the Press Secretary 2014)”. The Ebola epidemic helps remind the U.S. that other nations are there to work with them, and unite to prevent a rapidly growing disease. CDC partners with programs from other nations, such as the Global Disease Detection Centers, and the Field Epidemiology Training Program, which work to stop the Ebola virus. Information systems will grow stronger, more partnerships dedicated to stopping outbreaks will be formed, and laboratory security will also grow.
Cashman, J. (2000). Emergency Response to Chemical and Biological Agents. Boca Raton, FL. Lewis Publishers.
...cy on biological warfare. During his visit to Fort Detrick, he announced that the United States would terminate all research on biological weapons. By the year 1972 the United States had completely destroyed all biological weapon stockpile. In return of this act the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention was held, As a result of 118 countries signed a agreeing not to develop, produce, or stockpile any form of biological weapon(Mayer p4). Unfortunately despite many laws passed over time, few countries have abided by them. Evidence of this came in the late 1970’s and early 1980’s there were reports that the Soviet Union was using biological weapons in Laos, Kampuchea, and Afghanistan (Mayer p 4).
Department of State, the perception of people on biosecurity threat has evolved as they “see the world in terms of a multipolar, multi-threat environment”. It further stated that “biorisk and matrices to measure the weighted value of each risk have become the norm, and biosecurity and biosafety have come to encompass the use of proper safety measures and facility specifications, as well as the proper training of employees to ensure not only their own safety but that of the public at large.”