Elderly abuse is defined as “any deliberate action or lack of action that causes harm to an older adult.” (Brownridge 55) It may take the form of: physical, financial, neglect, or psychological abuse. (Maclean 7-23) Statistics show that abuse towards the elderly is a substantial problem: A 1989 survey of 2000 elderly persons from private house holds found that 4% of the people reported being abused. (Health Canada) This is the equivalent of 98,000 elderly people in Canada. Financial abuse was the highest with 60,000 elders being affected, and psychosocial abuse is second affecting 30,000 elders. These shocking statistics are, believe it or not, understated due to lack of research. Elderly Canadians will always be a component of our society, and due to new medical breakthroughs they will be an increasing sector of the population. More specific laws, stricter enforcement of existing laws, and strategies for increased research and awareness need to be implemented in order to combat the increasing problem of elderly abuse in Canadian society.
One major problem with the few existing laws is that they are not specific to the elderly. If an elderly person is abused the abuser may be charged with several sections of the criminal code. For example, physical abuse may be a form of assault or sexual assault, and financial abuse may be an offence such as theft or fraud. This is a smoke-screen for the lack of stricter laws; the government may argue that there are laws to protect the elderly. The different types of elderly abuse are not specified; therefore many types of abuse may not be covered. This leads to a problem when trying to convict perpetrators of elderly abuse; the person behind the act may not receive a suitable conviction, allowing them to get away with the crime they have committed. Also, when elderly abuse is not specified in the criminal code it is not seen as a serious enough offence, leading people to believe that they will get away with perpetrating this appalling act. An Emergency Protection Order (Oak Net) may be obtained to provide immediate protection of an abuse family member. This also is not specific to the elderly, and the order may be refused if a family member has guardianship over the elderly. The family member may argue that the elderly person is unable to make a coherent judgment, and the order may be denied. If the Order specifically re...
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...rced properly. We will all be aging, so we need to protect our future well being, as well as the safety of our parents. There are many laws to protect against animal cruelty and child abuse, yet there are so few that are ineffective for elderly abuse. I see a major problem with this, don’t you?
Alberta Law Foundation. “Using the Law to Keep the Abuser Away.” Oak Net. Posted
28 February 2002. < http://www.oak-net.org/index/toc.html>
Brownridge, Douglas. Explaining Violence Against Women in Canada. Maryland:
Lexington Books, 2001.
Dnaedinger, Nancy. Elder Abuse: A Discussion Paper. Ottawa: National Clearing House on Family Violence, 1989.
Health Canada. “Explaining Abuse of Older Adults.” Health Canada. (accessed 15
October 2003) Posted 12 September 2003.
< http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hppb/familyviolence/html/agenegl_e.html>
MacLean, Michael. Abuse & Neglect of Older Canadians: Strategies for Change. Toronto:
Thompson educational Publishing, 1995.
Momirov, Julianne. Family Violence: A Canadian Introduction. Toronto: James Lorimer
& Company, 1997.
Sebold, John. Solution-Focused Treatment of Domestic Violence Offenders. New York:
Oxford Press, 2003.
During interphase, the cells in both animals and bacteria carry out their division general functions according to the type of their cells. Unlike in plants, a preprophase group of cytoskeletal proteins emerge at a future location of the cell plate. At prophase stage, duplicated chromosomes compress in a way that can be seen with the help of a microscope. On the other hand, the mitotic spindle is formed at one side of nucleus, whereas in plants, spindle is formed around the nucleus. During prometaphase in animals and bacteria, the nuclear membrane disappears, the chromosomes attach themselves to mictotubules and start to move. In plants, however, the preprophase group dissolves while at metaphase stage, the chromosomes get aligned at the core of the cell. At anaphase, there are fewer differences between animals and plants. The chromosomes shift apart towards the both par...
The process of mitosis can take place in either a haploid (23 chromosomes) or a diploid (46 chromosomes) cell. Before a cell can be ready for a mitotic division it must primarily undergo its interphase stage. Following the interphase stage several other stages come into play. These stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During each specific stage certain sequences of events take place that assist to the completion of the division.
In recent years, the shameful subject of elder abuse has gained more awareness among community members. In particular, the complexity of elder financial abuse often makes manipulative dealings by fraudsters difficult to identify and separate from actual permissive transactions made by older victims. The result is that these cases are very rarely prosecuted and many other undetected cases continue to fall far below the radar of society. The consequences of financial exploitation of older adults are reaching far beyond the immediate distress of financial depletion. Victims may also experience declines in physical and mental health as well as the risk of a decrease in life expectancy (Kemp & Mosqueda, 2005). The purpose of the following studies is to address the issue of financial exploitation of elder adults through the means of intervention, prosecution, prevention, and correlation between different forms of abuse.
In this period, there are the bases for the creation of a new movement that will culminate during the 14th century. This particular view is enclosed in a sub-movement called humanism: humanists encouraged to put in the centre of the universe the man. The man is the main centre of the universe and of the thoughts. In this period intellectuals obtained answers in the works of the ancient classics, they embraced the classic culture, especially the ancient Greek culture, leading to the birth of a new science: The Philology, whose main learner was Lorenzo Valla. Classic themes are the inspiration for the artists: from poets to painters, they are all under this influence.
Cell division is extremely important; cells must divide in order to maintain an efficient volume to surface area ratio, allow organisms to grow and develop, and repair any damaged tissue. Cells are able to do all this through two processes: meiosis and mitosis. Without these processes, humans would not be able to do many of the basic functions we are so accustomed to, including growing, healing even the smallest cuts, and even reproducing! However, meiosis and mitosis, although both procedures for cell division, are very different.
In The Odyssey, characters’ actions are described through parallel verbs in order to give readers a sense of the pain that is inflicted. Specifically during book 18, parallel verbs lead us to conclude that the suitors and Odysseus think of Irus as a object. This is important because it negatively impacts a reader's perspective on Odysseus and makes readers question his integrity. For example, Odysseus was “pounding Irus’ neck, / smashing the bones inside-- / suddenly red blood / came spurting out of his mouth,” (XVIII. 111-114). By using the parallel verbs, pounding, smashing and spurting, Fagles is describing the pain that Odysseus is inflicting upon Irus. These parallel verbs can show readers how Odysseus is aggressively hitting Irus as if
This result is not surprising because the cell needs time to replicate DNA as well as the other cell organelles. Prophase had the second most number of cells. In prophase, the cell has to turn the loose chromatin into sister chromatids. This phase is also when the nuclear membrane starts to dissolve and when the centrioles move to opposite parts of the cell. Metaphase is when the spindle fibers attach onto the centromeres and the chromatids line up in the center. This part of mitosis was rather fast and this may be because the centroids already started moving to either end of the cell in prophase. In anaphase, the daughter chromosomes are pulled to either end of the cell. This phase ends when the daughter chromosomes are at both ends. There is no big change in this phase other than the fact the sister chromatids separated and moved to either end of the cell. The last phase of mitosis telophase is when the cell actually begins to divide. However, the onion root tip cell is a plant cell so it develops a cell wall in-between the two daughter
Mitosis has 4 identifiable stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase/cytokinesis. Prophase is the first stage of mitotic cellular division in which the centrioles separate and move to opposite ends of the nucleus. Proceeding is prometaphase, whereas described above, is when microtubules attach to the chromosomes to prepare them for the next phase: Metaphase. Metaphase is the third step of mitosis where the chromosomes align along the metaphase plate to prepare for division. To form the two daughter cells, anaphase, the next stage, separates the chromosomes and they move to opposite ends of the cell. Lastly, telophase/cytokinesis occurs in which the nuclear envelope reforms, the cellular membrane (and cell wall in plant cells) is cleaved and rebuilt. From that process two identical daughter cells are
The first sub phase of this is prophase 1 and this is split up into 5 stages. The first one is leptotene and this is where the chromosomes supercoil. The second one is zygotene and this is where the homologous chromosomes form pairs and these are called bivalents. Pachytene is where crossing over occurs between the homologous chromosomes and chiasmata form. Diplotene is where they start to separate but remain attached to each other by the chiasmata. Diakinesis is the last stage and this is where they keep separating and the chiasmata moves to the ends of the chromosome (GENIE, 2010). The second phase is prometaphase and this is where the spindle fibres assemble and the chromosomes become anchored to them by their kinetochores. Metaphase 1 is where the bivalents assort randomly on the metaphase plate. This helps to create genetic diversity. Anaphase 1 is where the bivalents separate and the homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell. Telophase 1 is where the nuclear envelope reforms after disintegrating in prophase 1. Then cytokinesis is where the cell divides to create two new cells which are haploid (GENIE, 2010). The next main stage is meiosis 2 and this is where each chromosome is split into 2 sister chromatids. Prophase 2 is the first stage and this is where the chromosomes supercoil, the mitotic spindle forms and the nuclear envelope disintegrates. Metaphase 2 is where the chromosomes become attached to the
Meiosis, also called reduction division, is a distinct type of cell division that is essential for sexual reproduction to occur. It is one in which two successive divisions of diploid cell occur thereby producing four genetically different haploid daughter cells, also called gametes, each with half the number of chromosomes and thus, half the total amount of genetic material as compared to the amount before meiosis began. Interphase precedes meiosis and thus, paves the way for meiosis to eventuate as the cell’s DNA replicates in the S phase yielding corresponding, identical chromosomes. Interphase sparks the marvelous process of meiosis that allows variation to transpire within the organisms it occurs, hence, giving rise to millions of organisms with unique aspects unlike any other on Earth. Because meiosis is a form of sexual reproduction itself, it is the means through which gametes are produced, each with a reduced number of chromosomes, so that when two gametes fuse during fertilization, not only do they form a diploid zygote with 46 chromosomes, but also have manifested differing features due to the rearrangement (crossing-over) of chromosomes.
In Meiosis I, Prophase I is the starting step in which the parent cell’s chromosomes condense and the nuclear membrane begins to disintegrate. Additionally, two pairs of centrioles are created and move to opposite sides. Crossing over occurs in this step as well. Crossing over is the act of homologous chromosomes trading parts of their chromosomes. This process is to allow genetic diversity within offspring and occurs randomly. The replicated chromosomes in this stage are called tetrads, which are cells with two chromosomes and consequently four sister chromatids. Sister chromatids are two chromatids which, together, make up a chromosome. Following Prophase I is Metaphase I, in which the
Each of the cells have precisely half the number of chromosomes from the original cell. There are many different processes go in this phase so the cell has time to prepare for the second part of meiosis. The only persistent thing is that genetic material does not copy, but in its place it continues to get divided. The next stage is prophase 2 during this phase the chromosomes start traveling to the metaphase plate again, which is at the midpoint of the cell. The next stage is metaphase 2 the chromosomes line up along the center of the cell before it breaks up into two. Then the chromatids point towards the opposite ends of the cell. The next stage is anaphase 2. This is the second to last phase in meiosis and it has many events that happen. The first event is when the sister chromatids separate and move towards the opposite ends of the pole. When this is happening the spindle fibers will lengthen and make the cell bigger. Then the paired chromatids will begin to detach from each other. Now every chromatid pair is considered to be a full chromosome. Now anaphase 2 will start getting ready for the final phase of meiosis. Both cell poles start to move even more apart and now it can be seen as splitting. By the end of this phase each pole
Meiosis is a process similar to mitosis in some ways, however the phases of meiosis cycle twice. The first cycle of meiosis consists of; prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, and telophase I. In prophase I, the
Before Mitosis occurs, there are many phases of the cell cycle that must take place. These phases are the G0 phase, the G1 phase, the S phase, and the M phase. The G0 phase is when the cell is not a part of the cell cycle and is resting. These cells are ‘terminally differentiated’ because they do not usually come back and take part of the cell cycle (Karp). Cells a part of the cell cycle must undergo four phases. The first phase is the G1 phase and during this phase cells begin to collect raw materials in order to support DNA replication. This stage leads the cell to the S (Synthesis) phase, which is when the DNA within the cell is replicated using RNA. Once DNA replication is complete, a cell begins the G2 phase. Within the G2 phase cells
Every 60 seconds an animal is abused. Dogs, cats, horses, and many other types of animals are being neglected and tortured everyday, yet resulting in few and minor consequences for the perpetrators. Animal abuse is prevalent in the United States and has been an ongoing issue since the 1970's, and prior to. Society as a whole has chosen to avoid the facts and arguments about animal cruelty, because to some it is seen as acceptable and typical. It becomes much more frowned upon when people actually see the results of the cruelty, especially in the media.