Executive Summary
The current study illustrates about the important roles and the applications of bioinformatics, proteomics and genomics in biotechnology. The study clearly describes that bioinformatics, proteomics and genomics play significant roles in drug discovery and designing, agriculture, developing personalized medicines, biomarkers and in many other areas which will be highly useful in the present and also for the future generations of living organisms. Finally, the study also highlights on some points of recent studies on bioinformatics, proteomics and genomics by other researchers that have been conducted and their future capabilities are also clearly mentioned.
1. Introduction
Biotechnology can be generally stated as the discipline that utilizes living organisms or its products for profitable reasons. It is not just an individual technology but rather it is a combination of technologies which contributes to two general characteristics which are operating with the living cells and their molecules and possessing a variety of practical uses which can enhance our lives (Dunnill P., 1981).
2. Definition of Bioinformatics
Bioinformatics is a discipline which is a mixture of molecular biology and computer sciences. In this field the computers are utilized to assemble, accumulate, analyse and incorporate biological and the genetic information of living organisms. The necessity for bioinformatics came during the project to find out the sequence of the whole genome of the human was started (Chris S., 2003). This project was known to be as “Human Genome Project”. This subject is considered to be as very significant for the utilization of genetic information to know about the human diseases and to recognize a novel approaches f...
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...gration towards normal recipient cells occurs.
5. Conclusion
From the study it can be concluded that the methodologies involved in the bioinformatics, proteomics and genomics have lots of applications in biotechnology and the techniques which are involved in these fields can be used to discover novel drugs, understand the functions of genes which cause cancer so that to develop therapeutic drugs in the future and furthermore, from the study it has been known that with the improvement of the technologies related to these fields many challenges like developing a precise medicine for prostate cancer and effective prediction of 3D protein structure can be addressed clearly. The information from the study clearly describes that bioinformatics, proteomics and genomics have great potentials currently as well as in the future if they are enhanced in the appropriate manner.
Many people feel that biology has become more advanced than physics. Biology has in fact become the new focus of the future as we tend to use it a lot in our daily lives. The study of Biotechnology is known as the branch of molecular biology that studies the use of microorganisms to perform specific industrial processes. This study shows that our lives can be transformed.
Proteogenomics is a kind of science field that includes proteomics and genomics. Proteomic consists of protein sequence information and genomic consists of genome sequence information. It is used to annotate whole genome and protein coding genes. Proteomic data provides genome analysis by showing genome annotation and using of peptides that is gained from expressed proteins and it can be used to correct coding regions.Identities of protein coding regions in terms of function and sequence is more important than nucleotide sequences because protein coding genes have more function in a cell than other nucleotide sequences. Genome annotation process includes all experimental and computational stages.These stages can be identification of a gene ,function and structure of a gene and coding region locations.To carry out these processes, ab initio gene prediction methods can be used to predict exon and splice sites. Annotation of protein coding genes is very time consuming process ,therefore gene prediction methods are used for genome annotations. Some web site programs provides these genome annotations such as NCBI and Ensembl. These tools shows sequenced genomes and gives more accurate gene annotations. However, these tools may not explain the presence of a protein. Main idea of proteogenomic methods is to identify peptides in samples by using these tools and also with the help of mass spectrometry.Mass spectrometry searches translation of genome sequences rather than protein database searching. This method also annotate protein protein interactions.MS/MS data searching against translation of genome can determine and identify peptide sequences.Thus genome data can be understood by using genomic and transcriptomic information with this proteogenomic methods and tools. Many of proteomic information can be achieved by gene prediction algorithms, cDNA sequences and comparative genomics. Large proteomic datasets can be gained by peptide mass spectrophotometry for proteogenomics because it uses proteomic data to annotate genome. If there is genome sequence data for an organism or closely related genomes are present,proteogenomic tools can be used. Gained proteogenomic data provides comparing of these data between many related species and shows homology relationships among many species proteins to make annotations with high accuracy.From these studies, proteogenomic data demonstrates frame shifts regions, gene start sites and exon and intron boundaries , alternative splicing sites and its detection , proteolytic sites that is found in proteins, prediction of genes and post translational modification sites for protein.
The debate over the importance of a Human Genome Project can be cleared up by looking at what the human genome actually is, and why knowing its DNA sequence can be beneficial to the scientific and the human community. The human genome is made up of about three billion base pairs, which contain about 100,000 genes. The 100,000 genes in the 46 human chromosomes only account for a small total of the DNA in our genome. Approximately 10 percent of our DNA make up these genes in our genome, these genes are what is actually encoded for and used by our body to make vital proteins needed for everyday life. The remaining 90 percent of our three billion base pairs are repeated sequences between genes that do not encode for any particular product. These repeated sequences account for the reason why 99 percent of any humans DNA is identical to another human's (1). With this knowledge many people believe it is not worth the time or money to sequence the entire human genome when only a small percent is used to encode for proteins. However, by sequencing the whole genome researchers will no longer have to do a needle in the haystack type of search for small genes, like the one found on chromosome four that is responsible for Huntington's disease (4). Also, knowing the complete human DNA sequence will allow scientists to determine the role and importance of the repeated DNA, non-protein encoding, sequences in our body.
Sequence and structural proteomics involve the large scale analysis of protein structure. Comparison among the sequence and structure of the protein enable the identification on the function of newly discovered genes (Proteoconsult, n.d.). It consists of two parallel goals which one of the goals is to determine three-dimensional structures of proteins. Determine the structure of the protein help to modeled many other structures by using computational techniques (Christendat et al., 2000). This approach is useful in phylogenetic distribution of folds and structural features of proteins (Christendat et al., 2000). Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is one of the techniques that provide experimental data for those initiatives. It is best applied to proteins which are smaller than 250 amino acids (Yee et al., 2001). Although it is limited by size constraints and also lengthy data collection and analysis time, it is still recommended as it can deliver strong results. There are two types of NMR which are one-dimensional NMR and two-dimensional NMR. One-dimensional NMR provides enough information for assessing the folding properties of proteins (Rehm, Huber & Holak, 2002). It also helps to identify a mixture of folded and unfolded protein by observing both signal dispersion and prominent peak. Observation in one-dimensional spectrum also obtains information on molecular weight and aggregation of molecule under investigation. In spite of this, two-dimensional NMR are used for screening that reveal structural include binding, properties of proteins. It also provides important information for optimizing conditions for protein constructs that are amenable to structural studies (Rehm et al., 2002). NMR is a powerful tool which it w...
Genomic sequencing is the process of determining the precise order of nucleotides within a DNA molecule. It includes any method or technology that is used to determine the order of the four DNA bases – thiamine, adenine, guanine, and cytosine– in the strand of DNA (NHGRI, 2011). In each organism, these bases are arranged in a unique and specific sequence, and it is this sequence that is the genetic code of the organism. Genomic sequencing has had an impact on nearly every field of biological research including human genetics and genomics, plants and agriculture, microbes, medicine, viruses and infectious diseases, environmental genetics and evolutionary biology. By first examining the development of gene sequencing technology we will be able to view its role in evolutionary biology, its contribution to phylogenetics, and how it has changed our understanding of the biological tree of life.
DNA is made up of phosphates, sugars and amino acids, Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine(C) and Guanine (G). Each amino acid is paired with its opposite, A is always paired with T and C with G. These pairing in a specific order make codes that cells use as instruction for making proteins that perform specific functions in cells. The purpose of the HGP is to identify all genes in human DNA, store the information in a database, while improving the tools used to sequence DNA (Toriello, pg 15-28.) The project also has to deal with the ethical issues that come from these experiments. In 2003 after 13 years a full strand of DNA was decoded. Of course each person’s DNA is unique, with the exceptions of identical twin, so much more work is yet to be done to make this technology useful in every day life.
Genomics is undergoing rapid development from the analysis, mapping and sequencing of genomes to development about genome function. [Hieter and Boguski, 1997] Genomics looks at the analysis of DNA sequences whilst functional genomics is used to understand the relation of genes and proteins. [Fields et al., 1999] The analysis of genomes has more recently been divided into two groups; functional and structural genomics. Structural genomics is the first phase of genome analysis, which produces an organisms’ genetic, transcript and physical maps. [Hieter and Boguski, 1997] The purpose of structural genomics is the allocation of three-dimensional structures to proteomes; which has given a new viewpoint on protein families and folds, and domain structures within gene sequences. [Teichmann et al., 1999]
Biotechnology is a growth field that consists of the use of biological systems or living organisms in which technology is developed and applied1. Take a look at IBB in figure 1 below it shows an increasing upward trend in the past 5 years showing the fast expansion and growth of the bio sector. One of the significance and importance of biotechnology is that it covers almost every field. The application of biotechnology can be used for industrial, agricultural and medical purposes. The study of microorganisms and particles can be beneficial to mankind. With a clear understanding of internal body composition and molecular behaviour, vaccines and medications can be produced to treat diseases and conditions. Fruits and vegetables can be modified to grow faster, taste better, resist different temperatures, repels insects, etc2. Although biotechnology has the potential to affect modern society and have a positive impact on the environment, the misuse of such technology can lead to devastating consequences and side effects. The creation of bioweapons, food toxicity, errors in products and many ethical issues are also to be considered with the development of such technology. However, the upside and potential breakthrough in this technology could feed the hungry, reduce environmental or human footprint, develop cleaner and more efficient energy sources, etc. On top of this, the emerging applications in the biotech sector is creating plenty of opportunities for businesses that offer biotech related services for other organisations to make use of3. Examples of these applications and subjects include combinatorial chemistry, bioinformatics, biochips, proteomics and high-throughput screening. However on of the most looked at, compelling and c...
One of the most important subjects in science is biotechnology. The use of organisms, living systems, or parts of organisms is what biotechnology is all about. Biotechnology involves manipulating nature in order to make systems, products, or environments for human or other species. We can 't argue the fact that biotechnology has played a big role in scientific research, for it has modified plants, humans, organisms, etc. Biotechnology is all around us and in our everyday lives, from the clothes on our back , the chemicals we use to clean them with, the food we consume, the medicine we use to treat each other, even the fuel we use to get to our destination.
The scientific and medical progress of DNA as been emense, from involving the identification of our genes that trigger major diseases or the creation and manufacture of drugs to treat these diseases. DNA has many significant uses to society, health and culture of today. One important area of DNA research is that used for genetic and medical research. Our abi...
Numerous parts of bioinformatics are applicable for pharmacology. Pill focuses in irresistible organic entities might be uncovered by entire genome correlations of irresistible and non–infectious creatures. The examination of single nucleotide polymorphisms uncovers genes conceivably answerable for hereditary sicknesses. Forecast and investigation of protein 3d structure is utilized to create pills and comprehend drug safety.
For the biotechnology industry, the future is now. Biotech companies are producing new and improved drugs, mapping the genome, and creating artificial organs and body parts. The advent of these new products will increase the quality of life for those who have access to them. Advancements in the biotechnology field have received a lot attention by the press and publications. They have given the impression that it is almost imperative to learn about this fairly new field of study.
Molecular biology is to characterize the structure, function and relationships between two types of macromolecules, DNA and proteins. This relatively limited definition will suffice to allow us to establish a date for the so-called "molecular revolution", or at least to establish a chronology of its most fundamental developments (Walker, 2009) .At the heart of this definition is the idea of the gene, this concept dates back to the decade of the 1860's. It is the quest for understanding what a gene is that gave birth to the discipline of molecular biology; biologists paid no attention to the notion of the "gene" until the beginning of the 20th century.
Biotechnology helps in protecting the environment,It provides crops with protection from viruses and insects by reducing the number of pesticid...
Biotechnology is a group of technologies that work together with living cells and their molecules to prolong life (Keener and Hoban et al., 2014). Today biotechnology can be used in a variety of ways such as in an industrial setting where they use it to create enzymes to synthesize chemicals, in an environmental setting where they use it for waste and pollution prevention and lastly it can be used in medical applications such as in pharmaceuticals, genetic engineering, DNA fingerprinting and in lastly it can be used in stem cell therapy (Keener and Hoban et al., 2014). Everyone in today’s society depends and uses biotechnology in one form or another, biotechnology is essential for our health and wellbeing.