Vocabulary Assignment #1
Nonexperimental Research (McMillan, 2012, p.13): Nonexperimental research is a quantitative research design in which the researcher has no control over any of the variables or factors within a study, and thus cannot influence the behavior of the subjects of the study.
This phrase relates to a study that I may conduct because I would like to investigate how student-athletes’ academic achievement compares to that of non-student-athletes. In such an investigation, I would have no over influence over whether or a not a student participated in athletics nor their academic achievement. I would only be able to analyze data and determine if there were a relationship between the variables.
Experimental Research (McMillan,
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48): A research hypothesis is a researcher’s prediction of the expected results of a study. Research hypotheses can be directional, in which the researcher states the exact “nature of the expected difference or relationship” between factors, or nondirectional, in which the researcher states that there will be some type of relationship between factors, but is not yet sure what that relationship will be. (McMillan, 2012, p. 48)
The Lumpkin and Favor study used a directional research hypothesis, as the investigators stated that they believed their research would prove that high school athletes had higher academic achievement than non-athletes.
Primary Source (McMillan, 2012, p. 68): A primary source is an original report in which the investigator(s) presents the methods and findings of his or her own study that he or she conducted.
This term relates to the Lumpkin and Favor study because that study is a primary source; it presents the methods and results of a study that the two women actually conducted themselves.
Secondary Source (McMillan, 2012, p. 70): A secondary source is document that does not present information that the author has gathered, but rather explains and summarizes a study that has been previously conducted by someone
When it comes to learning about events and people in history, nothing beats a primary source. There is information directly from the event and there are no worries about incorrect data because the author was there to witness said event. But the main problem with primary sources is the fact that it only covers part of the story. So if a book is written about, say, the concentration camps of World War II, then all that it would be about would be that persons view of the camps, not what was happening during the actually war. This is where secondary sources come in. Secondary sources are written by authors who were not involved in the event, but rather did research on said event and wrote a novel covering what they believe to be all important aspects. Secondary sources are helpful when wanting to know more than just one aspect of an event, for example, you can know what was happening with the ally powers and axis powers, rather than just one or the other. Despite not being involved in the events, secondary sources still tend to contain bias. This essay will cover the bias of the novel Over Here: How the G.I. Bill Transformed the American Dream, by Edward Humes and how this either helped to prove or disprove his thesis.
Secondary sources of literature are primarily written by journalists and does not report an original finding, but rather relies on an original source to provide information that can be used as background material. To use it correctly, one must first distinguish it from primary sources and understand that secondary sources alone cannot sufficiently and
...a known source but usually the source is obvious. Lastly, black leaflets have a stated source which, however, is false. For example, the Allies invented non-existent anti-Nazi groups in Germany. On these leaflets Allied powers printed false information that attempted to challenge Hitler and the Nazis in attempt to lead others into rebellion.
Experimental research is the one type of research that allows psychologists to make causal statements. It is where the researcher changes one or more variables that may have an effect on some other variables (King, 2016). The hypothesis is a specific expectation about what is going to happen in the experiment (King, 2016). In the research, the hypothesis was that women would perceive fat talk to be more socially acceptable than men (Katrevich et al., 2014). The other elements of experimental method are dependent and independent variables. The independent variable (IV) is the cause of the results, and it is changed by the experimenter to find the effects, but the dependent vari...
Having satisfied this researchers then make epistemological assumptions surrounding the subject matter. They must decide on the type of evidence to be collected, considering which evidence will deliver optimum validity. They must decide which stance to take during research, objective or neutral, considering which would be possible or even favourable. They must then think about how this can be best achieved. Should the research be classified as 'scientific' or 'unscientific' and what determines this?
A primary source is some sort of documentation that was created at the time that one is studying. For example, when studying the Holocaust, an example of a primary source is Anne Frank’s diary. When people study the Holocaust today, they can read her diary for direct, first-hand information of that time. An excerpt from Treaty with the Indians, William Bradford documents his exact experiences and daily activities, in a journal, from the time when the Pilgrims arrived in North America (1620) to about 1647. Bradford was a leader of the English settlers of Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts. This is a time that is studied immensely by historians, as it is essentially the beginning of our nation. Therefore, having a journal of someone documenting
A primary source is recorded by someone who personally witnessed or experienced the subject in question (wwnortnon, n.d.). Cortes only gave information that he observed. He never said someone told me, he basically made descriptions as if he saw things himself. A document can be partially primary and partially secondary. If the writing is referenced and noted, it could be considered primary in some studies. If history is being studied, then you would have to search for the primary source (wwnorton, n.d.)
A primary source is an unfiltered window into the past that gives students access to the artistic, scientific, social, and political beliefs of a specific time period. As a result, primary sources allow college students the chance to critically analyze said beliefs and form their own unique interpretation of a time period. An example of this would be the college student, Ellen Ackerman, who is currently analyzing the primary source, The Guy Who Makes a Mock of Democracy (an old World War Two political cartoon illustrated by Doctor Seuss and published by PM Magazine), in order to present her interpretation for the final project of her history class. Through the close analysis of this primary source, Ellen is able to conclude racial prejudice
Secondary: This is information gotten from different sources for example this information could be obtained through the internet or perhaps from a newspaper etc.
evidence of a topic that is being studied. Examples of primary sources include anything that
After looking not just at this study, but even studies that have been carried out years ago, it has shown that every experiment needs a hypothesis along with it's independent and dependent variables. They play a crucial part within experiments. They help control, measure and keep the experiment organised and structured. Without these, in my opinion, psychologists would not be able to take note of their results, or experimenting or achievements effectively.
One example of a secondary source that I found is Fetal anomalies and long-term effects associated with substance abuse in pregnancy: a literature review. The secondary source is a review article that reviews the current literature on the effects of substance abuse on cognitive anomalies
Guidance on authorship: The primary author of the current review is the first author. She has been guided and supported by her research supervisors. As they have contributed to the writing by offering suggestions and guidance on the study, their contribution has been acknowledged by identifying them as
The research hypothesis is to test what is most effective/safe when college students consume energy drinks and with alcohol. The hypothesis statement describes the expected relationship between the independent and dependent variables in this research. In this case the relationship are positive or negative as one increases or decreases relationship. The hypothesis is not clear, but it should or could be. (Creswell, J. W., 2013).
...ccording to Singh, these studies must focus on using objective measures to record physical activity along with studies that explore the effects of the dose-response relationship that exists between physical activity and academic performance. Even with the absence of a good number of high quality studies, Singh believes a significantly positive connection has been discovered between physical activity and academic performance.