Introduction and Literature Review Context Freeform surfaces prevail in contemporary architecture. Over the past two decades there has been a surge in the use of smooth, curved surfaces, which can be attributed to improvements in 3D modelling techniques and advances in finite element analysis. The complex geometries, examples of which can be seen in the Figure ? below, pose challenges in developing a feasible building envelope using conventional building materials such as steel and concrete. This has therefore created a need to investigate the suitability of alternative building materials such as glass fibre reinforced polymers (GFRP) to structural design. In construction, geometrically complex free form shapes are realised by simpler, individual panels, which must be manufactured to high tolerances in order to fit together and satisfy their purpose. A material which lends itself to prefabrication and lightweight construction, is therefore desired. It is worth mentioning here that the issue of efficient panelling or rationalisation is a broad research interest separate from that of material selection [1], and will not be addressed in this report, the focus here being on structural suitability and modelling. Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymers (GFRP) Glass fibre reinforced polymers are composed of glass fibres nested in a polymer resin matrix. The glass fibres provide stiffness and tensile strength, whilst the resin matrix binds the material together, provides compressive strength and transfers the loads to the fibres. The final product is impermeable, corrosion resistant and weather resistant which makes it suitable for long-term use in external conditions. Its specific strength is high, typically exceeding that of both ... ... middle of paper ... ...acture, and Damage Theories. Courier Dover Publications, 1991. [21] Bryan, G.H., “Proc. London Math. Soc.,” vol. 22, p. 54, 1891. [22] S. P. Timoshenko, “Bull. Polytech. Inst.” 1907. [23] S. P. Timoshenko and J. M. Gere, Theory of Elastic Stability, 2nd edition. Mineola, N.Y: Dover Publications Inc., 2009. [24] M. W. Darlington and P. H. Upperton, “Procedures for Engineering Design with Short Fibre Reinforced Thermoplastics,” in Mechanical Properties of Reinforced Thermoplastics, D. W. Clegg and A. A. Collyer, Eds. Springer Netherlands, 1986, pp. 205–248. [25] B. Committee, “BS EN 1991-1-1:2002 - Eurocode 1. Actions on structures. General actions. Densities, self-weight, imposed loads for buildings,” BSI, 2002. [26] F. L. Matthews and R. D. Rawlings, Composite Materials: Engineering and Science, 1 edition. Woodhead Publishing, 1999.
The article by Dr. Nuray Attar focused on the comparison of the flexural strength and elastic modulus of condensable and hybrid composite resins. The study focused on fou...
These structural differences direct the use of these materials in WPC. For instance, fiber dimensions, strength, unpredictability, and structure are important consideration. Maldas et al. have investigated the result of wood species on the mechanical properties of wood/thermoplastic composites [7]. They reported that differences in morphology, density, and aspect ratios across wood species account for varying strengthening properties in thermoplastic composites.
William D. McCallister, David G. Rethwisch. Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction. John Wiley and Sons, Co., 2009.
My structure has to bear a lot of heavy loads which vary seasonally through out the year
Mechanical Engineering 130.2 (2008): 6 - 7. Academic Search Complete. Web. The Web. The Web.
In the field of civil/structural engineering, many design industries use the optimisation technique to demonstrate the conceptual design; mostly applying to the entire structure that provides novel layout of the framing system. However, not much has been accomplished on the component level. Even though application of topology optimisation concepts on structural components are presented as illustrative examples in research papers, they are mainly restricted to show various methods of optimisation. Hence, practicality of the result is not
AIM: The aim of this topic is to define fiber reinforced concrete and its application, it important properties as well as it superior resistance to cracking. As a result of the ability of fiber to arrest cracks, the composites of fiber possesses an increased in tensile strength both at the first crack and at ultimate, especially under flexural loading, and the fibers can still hold the matrix together even after a lot of cracking.
Composite materials are materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties, that when combined, produce a material with characteristics different from the individual components. It can be divided into several types. We are focusing on polymer matrix composite and metal matrix composite. Polymer matrix Composite is a composite material made from a polymer resin. They are not as strong or heat resistant as metal matrix and ceramic matrix composites. Besides that, metal matrix composite is composite material with at least two constituent parts, one is a metal and the other material may be a different metal or another material. Polymer matrix composite is the most commonly used composite as it is a monolithic polymer which its process is easier.
Given such advantages as low weight compared to strength and toughness, laminated composites are now used in wide range of applications. Their increasing use has underlined the need to understand their principle mode of failure
This is the textbook for my materials science and engineering class. It contains information about the behaviors and properties of materials such as metals and polymers. This source will prove useful because in the field of tensegrity, the type of material used to make a structure is very important. In the field of engineering/tensegrity, this source is considered as a reference
The concerns with inferior fracture toughness of concrete are alleviated to large extent by reinforcing it with fibers of various materials. The resulting material with a random distribution of short, discontinuous fibers is termed as fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) and slowly becoming a well-accepted mainstream construction
Some limitations that occur when producing carbon fiber composites is the price that it takes to make the material, the quality of the fibers, and the quality of the process. As illustrated earlier in this paper, the procedure of making carbon fiber composites has many procedures and with each additional step comes the opportunity to make an error. Wither it is oxidation, carbonizing, or treating of the strands, all have potential of error if not done correctly which would lead to an inferior product. Then manufactures have a choice of epoxy and of desired weave. Both of these allow the final product to have different characteristics depending on the chosen technique. Lastly, a major limitation that occurs with carbon fiber composites is the
Sustainable buildings are becoming somewhat of a necessity in the world today. As the demand for green building develops, so does the demand for green building materials. Just as the old techniques and building materials seem to disappear in the assembly of things, they are now making a come back. Green building focuses on the efficiency of major resources like water and energy. As the cost for sustainable materials and products are on the decline, building green seems to be the most cost effective kind of design and construction. Looking specifically at green materials and their impact on the production of structures, it is evident that they are a prime choice for building material. The use of green materials should be promoted because they are better for the environment, more healthful for the consumer, and better for the economy.
When building sandwich composite structures, the materials are shapeable in almost any kind of form until the last stage of production in which they get their final shape. This allows for non-linear and smooth designs, which can be done not only for aesthetic reasons but also for aerodynamic reasons. Other advantages of using sandwich composites are that they provide thermal insulation, sound insulation, good corrosion resistance, resistance to moisture, and final structures can be repaired easily.
Concrete has been cast in rigid formwork since it was invented. The traditional rigid formworks are constructed using flat, straight sheets with uniform section built with 90-degree joints [1]. The resulting forms are simple, uniform cross-section shapes. However, uniform section or prismatic shapes are not always the most desirable. Unlike the rigid formwork, fabric formworks