Special Relativity
The speed of light is the speed limit for the universe. Light travels at the same speed regardless of relative position. When applied to Newtonian physics, it provided new relativistic formulas for motion. 4
Quantum Theory
Hot objects emit electromagnetic radiation. If the energy carried off by radiation is added together, the total energy produced is calculated to be infinite. Max Planck deduced that if energy was emitted in discrete packets, quanta, it would be a finite quanity of energy. Radiation of frequency v comes in quanta of energy E = hv where h is Planck's constant . Photons are the quanta of light. This began the idea of wave-particle duality and quantum mechanics. 4
Quantum Mechanics
Explanation of atomic particles including bosons and fermions . Describes the laws of motion for atomic particles and describes the spin of electrons that had previously been predicted. 5
General Relativity
Einstein saw that special relativity was in contradiction with Newtonian gravity because the classical interpretation required the instantaneous transmission of force between two objects. General relativity accounts for a discrepancy in Mercury's orbit, predicted that light would be bent by a gravitational field (proved by Eddington during a solar eclipse), predicted the existence of black holes and gravitational radiation, and describes an expanding universe. "Gravity is a manifestation of the curvature of space-time." The equation for space-time geometry becomes Gµv = 8piGTµv where G is Newton's contant and Tµv is the distribution of energy and momentum. 4
Quantum Field Theory
Quantum Field Theory is the unification of quantum mechanics and special relativity. This union required the crea...
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...ic Yang-Mills theory" 6.
Works Cited
1 Greene, Brian. Superstring Theory. University of Cornell. Web site.
http://www.lassp.cornell.edu/GraduateAdmissions/greene/greene.html
2 Herdeiro, Carlos. M-Theory: The Theory Formerly Known as Strings. University of Cambridge, 1996. Web site.
http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/gr/public/qg_ss.html
3 Pierre, John. Superstrings! String Theory Home Page. 1999-2001. Web site.
http://www.sukidog.com/jpierre/strings/
4 Schwarz, John. The Second Superstring Revolution. Caltech Particle Theory Group. Web site.
http://theory.caltech.edu/people/jhs/strings/
5 Schwarz, Patricia. The Official String Theory Web Site. Web site.
http://superstringtheory.com/
6 String Theory in a Nutshell. University of London String Theory Group. Web site.
http://www.strings.ph.qmul.ac.uk/
Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity has had a colossal impact on the world and is the accepted physical theory reg...
physics. The work of Ernest Rutherford, H. G. J. Moseley, and Niels Bohr on atomic
Bernstein, Jeremy, Paul M. Fishbane, and Stephen Gasiorwocz. Modern Physics. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. 2000
The other aspect of M-theory is the ideology that all the ingredients for the creation of existence are based on the research of everything being created by strings that move at different frequencies from one another. These different frequencies apply the distinction of a myth provided by Levi-Strauss, having the basis as a string and the changing elements are the vibrations at different frequencies.
John Michell and Pierre de Laplace, in 1783, showed that when the escape speed from the surface of a body equals the speed of light, Newtonian theory breaks down. According to general relativity, spacetime is curved and the curvature is a measure of the strength of gravity. Thus as a star contracts, its surface gravity increases and spacetime becomes more curved. At the Schwartzschild radius (Rs=2GM/c^2) spacetime is so curved that the body is enclosed, becoming a black hole wrapped in curved spacetime where not even light can escape it. Also, as a mass contracts, its surface gravity increases in strength and light rays emitted from the surface are increasingly redshifted and deflected (gravitational redshift=(l...
What was General Relativity? Einstein's earlier theory of time and space, Special Relativity, proposed that distance and time are not absolute. The ticking rate of a clock depends on the motion of the observer of that clock; likewise for the length of a "yard stick." Published in 1915, General Relativity proposed that gravity, as well as motion, can affect the intervals of time and of space.
The Theory of Relativity, proposed by the Jewish physicist Albert Einstein (1879-1955) in the early part of the 20th century, is one of the most significant scientific advances of our time. Although the concept of relativity was not introduced by Einstein, his major contribution was the recognition that the speed of light in a vacuum is constant and an absolute physical boundary for motion. This does not have a major impact on a person's day-to-day life since we travel at speeds much slower than light speed. For objects travelling near light speed, however, the theory of relativity states that objects will move slower and shorten in length from the point of view of an observer on Earth. Einstein also
Greene continues with his explanations of the special theory of relativity.Chapter 3: Of Warps and Ripples Green begins the chapter by describing "Newton's View of Gravity" and continues by discussing the incompatibility of Newtonian Gravity and Special Relativity. The author also talks about how Einstein discovered the link between acceleration and the warping of space and time. Greene also discuses the basic aspects of General Relativity. He later points out how the two theories of relativity effect black holes, the big bang, and the expansion of space.Chapter 4: Microscopic Weirdness This chapter describes, in detail, the workings of quantum mechanics.
Einstein and Newton are the most popular explanations of gravity to this day. After Einstein, there have been some new theories trying to disprove him. One new popular theory is called emergent gravity and it tries to explain the motions of stars in space. There are many conceptions about gravity that confuse many people. Many people believe space does not have gravity, which is understandable however this is false. Another common misconception is that objects that are farther apart have a strong gravity pull on each other, Newton proved this to be incorrect (“Gravity Misconceptions”). The simple basics of gravity are understood by scientists, but there is still no exact answer that explains just how gravity
The Ultimate Nature of Matter. The theory of quantum mechanics has divided the atom into a number of fundamental sub-atomic particles. Although the physicist has shown that the atom is not a solid indivisible object, he has not been able to find a particle which does possess those qualities. Talk of particles, though, is misleading because the word suggests a material object.
Norton, John D. "Einstein on the Completeness of Quantum Theory." University of Pittsburgh, 2011. Web Page. 31 March 2014. .
Energy is an odd concept, it is something that is neither here nor there yet has a profound impact on everything, both organic and inorganic. However, energy surrounds us in more ways than is commonly believed; it is possible that matter is only a form of energy. In fact, according to Albert Einstein, matter and energy are different forms of the same thing (“Do Antimatter and Matter Destroy Each Other?”). Through analyzing the superposition of bosons (particles without mass) and fermions (particles with mass), transformations between energy and matter, the creation of mass, and the mass of energy, the existence of what humans consider to be matter will be questioned.
As of now, the main goal of theoretical physics is to explain how gravity relates to the other three fundamental forces of natural physics. However with as with every quantum field theory, there are infinite probabilities that result from the calculations. Unlike electromagnetic force, strong nuclear force, and weak nuclear force, physicists have not been able to find a mathematical technique that eliminates these infinities (“Superstring theory”, nd). Therefore, the quantum theory of gravity must be developed by a different means than those used for the other forces.
In 1905, Albert Einstein wrote his paper on the special theory of relativity (Prosper). This theory has the reputation as being so exotic that few people can understand it. On the contrary, special relativity is simply a system of kinematics and dynamics, based on a set of postulates that is different from those of classical mec...
Initially, Albert Einstein was the person to predict the existence of black holes through his General Theory of Relativity, in which he had created several general equations that show the interaction of gravitation as a result of space being curved by matter or energy. In 1915, he published Einstein’s field equations, which specify how the geometry of space and time is influenced by whatever matter and radiation are present, and form the core of Einstein's general theory of relativity (Redd). The general theory relativity was the initial step in the process to finding out more information about black holes. As time went on, there were a few main contributors that solved these equations to help develop better theories on black holes. One of the most important contributors to the development of a better u...