1.1 Introduction
In the design and construction of slabs and footings it is important to consider the durability of the finished product and devise ways in which to ensure the strength for which the slab was designed is maintained. Construction techniques and standards exist to ensure that all work is carried out to a specific level of quality to save the hassle of repairing prior mistakes. As with all business time efficiency is of paramount importance and sometimes contractors can overlook crucial elements of the design and supervision. Of course second only to efficiency is cost and usually this is of a high priority.
Theoretically building can be planned in infinite detail and problems could usually be eliminated before construction commences, this is however not the case in practice. Builders on site often have to improvise and take unknown elements into consideration without consulting the designers. Experience in construction usually prevails and minor adjustments to the plan can be made with negligible consequence. This however can not be done in all circumstances and often attempts have costly results.
1.2 Theory
In order to minimize the possibility for these types of error, builders must adhere to a strict code (AS2870) in which all aspects of construction are outlined and processes are detailed. If mistakes occur and for any reason a structure’s integrity breached the builder responsible must ensure that ...
The enormous responsibility that an engineer has when designing a project is often overlooked. His or her job is not only to create a design that will work under ideal conditions, but that will meet the regulations of environmental and building codes and will also survive the unpredictable forces of nature that structures are sometimes subjected to. An article in the Seattle Daily Journal of Commerce, "Structures are Held up by Both Skill and Luck,"1 describes many risks involved in the designing process and the failures that can occur when small details are overlooked. In light of a recent surge of failures in the Northwest, the article says:
In The New Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, Michelle Alexander introduces readers to the phenomenon of mass incarceration in the United States and challenges readers to view the crisis as the “ the most pressing racial justice issue of our time.” In the introduction, Alexander writes “what the book is intended to do and that is to stimulate much needed conversation about the role of the criminal justice system in creating and perpetuating racial hierarchy in the United States.” We come to understand, How the United States create criminal justice system and maintain racial hierarchy through mass incarceration? How the current system of mass incarceration in the United States mirrors earlier systems of racialized
Justice has always been the goal of our court system, but it is not always served, especially in cases involving juveniles. The judiciary process has evolved from a system that did not initially consider juveniles, to one where juveniles have their own court proceedings, facilities, and even rules or laws. The juvenile justice system has come a long way, and people have worked very hard in its creation. A juvenile is considered to be an individual, under the age of 18, resembling an adult. However, resembling an adult does not always mean that juveniles will have an adult mindset. Thus, juveniles may need extra attention to help get their lives on track. This paper will analyze various ways involving juveniles and correction facilities and programs.
Life is precious and we live it only once, however, what we do with it is at our own discretion. Therefore, it is a tragic that many people at younger ages decide to live a life of misdeeds and become what we call juvenile criminals, but, every action in this world has a consequence and to deal with these unlawful adolescent we have the Juvenile Justice Department. Conversely the juvenile justice system is a network of trained agencies that deal with juveniles whose conduct has come in conflict with the law. When young offenders commit a series of crimes, constantly being in trouble with the law, they are waived into Adult court where they will be subject to any punishment available. In some cases,
In “The Effects of violent video games, do they affect our behavior?” Brad J. Bushman argues that violent video games have had “hundreds of additional studies have shown a link between violent media exposure and aggression.”(Bushman 1) Bushman points out why are video games more harmful than violent TV programs, how are video games good for you, and why do people deny harmful effects of violent video games. He gives a good reason on why video games are harmful that violent TV. He states that players are likely to relate themselves with the character, the player also perceives the same visual as the character, and also that the player gets rewarded after a violent scene such as killing. Bushman also states how some people claim that violent
When our thoughts turn to the criminal justice system it is only a natural instinct to assume everyone associated with policing, courts, and corrections will have to deal with juveniles sometime in their career. Young people in today’s society can be so easily influenced by social situations, peer pressure, and family members. The courts in the United States are faced with difficult decisions on a daily basis. Sentencing juveniles to adult facilities for their crimes is becoming a common trend in the justice system today; however it is not a deterrent whatsoever. “The current policies of juvenile bind over to adult criminal court and severe sentencing have been unsuccessful
Building Construction procedures involve the erection of various types of structures. The major trend in present-day construction continues away from handcrafting at the building site and toward on-site assembly of even larger, more integrated subassemblies manufactured away from the site. Construction in the United States is the product of a diverse group of subindistries, with many individuals and organizations involved in the construction of a single structure, from the manufacture of necessary components to final assembly. The major elements of a building are as follows: (1) the foundation, which supports the building and provides stability; (2) the structure, which supports all the imposed loads and transmits them to the foundation; (3) the exterior walls, which may or may not be part of the primary supporting structure; (4) the interior partitions, which also may or may not be part of the primary structure; (5) the environmental- control systems, including the heating, ventilating, air-conditioning, lighting, and acoustical systems; (6) the vertical transportation systems, including elevators, escalators, and stairways; (7) communications, which may include such subsystems as intercommunications, public address , and closed-circuit television, as well as the more usual telephone wiring systems; and (8) the power, water supply, and waste disposal systems.
Violent video games increase aggressive behaviour in children. Studies involving around 3000 participants found that aggression has a direct relation with violent video games. Certainly, this effect of violent video games on aggression is as strong as the effect of condom use on risk of HIV infection; furthermore, they found that violent video games increase aggressions in both genders in children and adults in experimental and non-experimental studies (Anderson & Bushman 2001, pp. 353-359). Another study says that violent video games lead children to commit felonies. Craig Anderson of Iowa state university in Ames and his colleague Karen Dill found that people who play violent games are more likely to perpetrate assaults and robberies (Muir 2004, p.26A). Another study was published in the Journal of Adolescence by Barbara Krahe and her ...
When starting construction on a new building, there are plenty of things that can and will go wrong. You will start to lay out the plumbing and find that it clashes with a wall or beam that cannot be moved. To finish your project, you must take more time and more money to adjust to the new layout. Another scenario is the owners won’t let you start construction because they can’t see the end result or where the specific design implements that had asked for are located. For the past few decades the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry has been looking for a solution to this problem. Projects would be set back due to design oversights. Without anything to predict these problems before they happen, these little setbacks were a common occurrence. Once building information modeling (BIM) was born, it was like their prayers had been answered. The future was here.
In this report, we will introduce and illustrate on precast concrete, pre-stressed concrete, ready-mix concrete, reinforced concrete, terrazzo and Urbanite in details.
The construction phase would not be possible without the knowledge of basic geometry. Points, lines, measurements and angles are often used to lay out the building in accordance to the architect drawings.
Juvenile delinquency is a serious problem and leads to negative outcomes for youth, families, and society as a whole. Adolescents under the age of 18 who are arrested for committing a criminal act are processed through a juvenile justice system. The juvenile justice system is grounded on the principle that the youth have different needs than adults. During adolescence, youth are forming their identities and still developing mentally, physically, socially, and emotionally. Due to their early stages of development, juveniles who violate the law should be treated differently than adults.
This chapter provides a review on the existing literature regarding uncertainty in cost estimating in construction. There is an examination of the definitions of terms, and a review surrounding the practice and forms of cost estimating. The review will also analyse the factors effecting cost uncertainty and its relative importance to construction projects before focusing on design information as a major proponent of the inherent uncertainty in estimating.
However, there are some disadvantages in the processes. First, it is very consume time in the pre contract process due to the strategy is sequential and construction cannot be started before the completion of design. Also, the contractor is not appointed in the design stage, so the contractor and supply chain are no input into the design or planning of the project. Mo...
One cause of human trafficking is vulnerability of grieved criminals.(cite). Most grieving criminals are vulnerable, because of their living conditions. When they see how easy it is to be a trafficker makes this issue much more horrifying for women and young girls to be manipulated...