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Crime prevention approaches
Causes of crime and violence in society
Crime prevention approaches
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Stranger-on-stranger violence is random, unpredictable and can happen anywhere. In addition, there are no clear links between the victims and suspects. This does not mean that that the situations are completely spontaneous. Predators’ may keep track of certain places, like Automatic teller machines, fast-food restaurants and shopping malls, as a means to find the right target. Targets are selected for their innocence and naïve nature. Predators target these individuals because they want what the individual has (Meadows, 2010). There are a number of factors that add to the potential for stranger violence including “visiting an ATM, walking through a deserted parking lot, driving an expensive car, inadvertently cutting off someone in traffic, or wearing expensive clothing or jewelry” (Meadows, 2010, p. 111). The level of victimization can vary between serious injury, sexual assault and even death (Meadows, 2010). There are a number of factors that give rise to stranger-on-stranger violence. The following will address the factors associated with robbery, carjacking and spontaneous murder.
Robbery is taking property form an individual through the use of force or at the very least threatening to use force. Using force does not necessarily mean a weapon was used, but it does not eliminate it as a possibility. Data from the Uniform crime report shows that only 28 percent of robbery victims knew who the offender was. In addition, it reported that robberies occurred when the victims were either shopping or traveling. There is also an association between robbery victimization and the lifestyle and living conditions of the victim. Despite what one would think, it is actually poor families that are robbed more frequently. The...
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...and avoid being caught in an altercation.
There is no limitation on the ways people may be victimized. The potential becomes even greater when the perpetrator is a complete stranger. This is why it is important for people to take the initiative and make themselves a less appealing target. In terms of robbery better home security and a more random pattern of behavior can help. In general people need to be aware of their surroundings. There is no way to predict stranger-on-stranger violence. However people can take measures to protect themselves from becoming a target. This is important considering there is the possibility of harm or death.
Works Cited
Devaney, D., Unit 3: Lecture, University of Everest Online, 09 August 2010.
Meadows, R. J. (2010). Understanding Violence and Victimization, 5th edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ.: Pearson Education, Inc.
Victimology is a scientific research and study with insights on the issues and patterns of victimization. These issues lead to inquiries regarding relationships of the parties, the vulnerabilities of the victim, and the attacker’s affect upon the victim and the other individuals that surrounded said victim. Understanding the relationships, the victim, the attacker, and the crime open up theories to patterns developed from such victimization. Moving through this process in preparing, equipping, and training for said crimes enhances
Predatory violence is different from general offending because it is planned, not impulsive, and the predator usually feels a sense of accomplishment. Predatory violence involves the application of self-control, reasoning, and intention over time. Predation is instrumental, premeditated, and cold-blooded, while general offending is impulsive, reactive, hostile, and exhibited by low self-control.
2.) National Research Council. Understanding Violence Against Women, Washington, DC: National Academy of Press. 1996.
Both aggression and violence are integral to an understanding of victimization. Victimization involves an attacker’s goal to maintain and impose their power and dominance (Berkowitz, 1993). Prior to more formal social organization, Elias (1986) argues that victims took the law into their own hands. Eventually, crime became seen as perpetrated against the state and not the victim, a development that pushed victims out of their criminal justice role. In keeping with the themes of dominance and power, Elias (1986) also suggests that specific groups, such as women, may be the target of social or cultural attitudes that perpetuate myths to justify victimization and, by extension, violence, by drawing on concepts such as Social Darwinism and a belief in a “just world.” Though animal studies have indicated that electrical stimulation to certain parts of an animal’s b...
Understanding Crime: Theory and Practice. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishers. Woodham, J., & Toye, K. (2007). Empirical Tests of Assumption of Case Linkages & Offender’s profiling with Commercial Robbery.
Pence, E., & Aravena, L. (2010). Discussing the Duluth curriculum: Creating a process of change for men who batter. Violence Against Women, 16(9), 1007-1021.
Burglaries, robberies, and shootings, all of which may leave victims or innocent bystanders severely hurt or dead, are now frequent enough to concern all urban and many suburban residents. Living in a dangerous environment places young people at risk of falling victim to such malicious and aggressive behavior observed and learned from others. Social institution such as education, family, religion, peer groups, etc., play a major role in the influence of crime in the urban neighborhoods that Anderson describes. As said in the essay, "although almost everyone in poor inner-...
From the origins of criminal victimization, we begin with blaming the offended. (Silverii). Still what is more baffling is to question whether or not it is one's duty to make sure victims won't be victimized again or if victims of a crime that are unreported should even be considered victims. There are three main issues that are provided through victimology and these are context, connections, and investigative direction (Turvey). Most victims are not just victims they're perceived by a criminal as an ideal victim. An ‘ideal victim’ is someone who has played no part in their victimization by an offender who was solely responsible for the incident. In the early 1970s, research by the National Opinion Research Center and the President's Commission on Law Enforcement, and the Administration of Justice indicated that many crimes were not reported to police. A lot of times victims are not prepared for the insensitive and unpleasant treatment they may incur from the police, hospitals, and judicial system. In response, the U.S. Census Bureau began conducting the annual National Crime Victimization Survey in 1973. The survey provides the largest national forum for victims to describe the impact of crime and characteristics of violent offenders. The data includes type of crime, month, time, and location of the crime; relationship between victim and offender; characteristics of the offender; self-protective actions taken by the victim during the incident and results of those actions; consequences of the victimization; type of property lost; whether the crime was reported to the police and reasons for reporting or not reporting; and offender use of weapons, drugs, and alcohol.
Throughout a life course, many individuals endure some kind of violence or commit certain acts of violence. Reports such as the Bureau of Justice Statistics, articles, and books have been created in order to show people the different forms of violence that are visible on a daily basis. Through these readings people are able to understand the nature of interpersonal violence including domestic, intimate, assault, robbery, murder, and sexual assault. This paper will show the characteristics of male/female offenders and victims, stranger violence and child abuse.
Rand, M. (2009, September 1). "Criminal Victimization, 2008". Retrieved April 25, 2011, from Washington, D.C: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2009: http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/cv08.pdf
Property Crime can be defined as the unauthorized taking or damaging of an individual’s personal belongings. This is not limited to robbery of any kind, fraud, or even arson, but all of these crimes have several coinciding traits that group them under this term. While property crimes are meant to take something that is not ours and use it for our own advantage, violent crimes are used to harm or even kill another rather than using for ones self. This includes hate crimes, murder, rape, and abuse. Hate Crimes are unique because they usually target someone who’s different than the race or sex of that individual committing the offense whereas murder and assault are not always gender or race defined. Therefore, property and violent crimes are influenced by social inequalities that are caused by gender, race, income and age; thus why the legal definition of crime cannot cover all possible scenarios without taking each individual case and studying social behaviors in these of why or what was the cause of the crime committed.
Davis, R. C., Lurigio, A. J., & Skogan, W. G. (1997). Victims of crime (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Fawcett, Barbara, Brid Featherstone, Jeff Hearn, and Christine Toft. Violence and Gender Relations Theories and Interntions. London: Sage Publications, 1996. 12-13. Print.
Robbery rates have always fluctuated depending on many outside factors. Currently, we are experiencing a trend of decreasing robbery rates. The academics are intrigued and eager to see why this phenomenon is happening. This paper will examine and summarize the current state of academic literature on the relationship between poverty and robbery.
According to the U.S. Department of Justice, each year nearly one million individuals become victims of violent crime while working or on duty. Eight percent of all rapes, 7% of all robberies, and 16% of all assault...