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The 12 social determinants of health
The 12 social determinants of health
Social determinants of health
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1 INTRODUCTION The beginning for Health for all 2000 program was in 1978 in conferens in Alma Ata where World Health Organisation (WHO) and its memberstates made their commitments for health for all. First health promotion conference was kept in 1986 in Ottawa and The Ottawa Charter for Health promotion declaration has been a source of inspiration and guidance. (Vertio 2003, s.178) Finland was one of the first countries to make its own Health for all program 1986. Member States have reached consensus about the topics which are on focus in member countries. Those are: communicable diseases, noncommunicable diseases, promoting health through the life course, health systems and preparedness, surveillance and response and criteria that will guide the process of setting the Organization’s priorities. http://www.who.int/about/who_reform/programme_priority/en/index.html It is not enough anymore to speak only health and sickness, because it is important to understand how environment affects people’s health. Also economical issues like economical growth create conditions for the deveploment of wellfare. In equality appears to have a significant impact on human health. Client`s status should be strenghtened and communities must activate the function. (Terveyden edistämisen eettiset haasteet 2008) 1.1 Indicators valuating Health A variety of health indicators have been developed in order to assess and compare the health in different countries. (Pietilä ym 2002,s 133) It is important to notice that for example educational opportunities, living conditions, working conditions and services availability are remarkable factors for health promoting. (Quality recommendation for health promotion, 2006, s.9) Here are some examples of indic... ... middle of paper ... ...spiratory infection. In the future paternal involvment hopely increase. Healthcare organization and control define resources and facilitys all possible levels what are needed. There is still work to do with structures and management. administration and management need to be effective and influential. http://www.moh.gov.et/English/Pages/index.aspx http://www.moh.gov.et/English/Resources/Documents/Health.pdf 4.3 Challenges There is still lack of money and that means inadequate funding. There are also too little planning, managing and implementation capacities. Even they have trained thousands of health workers; there is still shortage of skilled workers One big challenge is try to influence mothers and childrens health because child mortality rate has hardly fallen. http://www.afro.who.int/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=8542&Itemid=2593
Last week was a good demonstration of how a culture can significantly influence its nation’s health outcome. The Japanese, by being Japanese, have enhanced their mortality rate making them the best nation in the world for health outcomes. (Bezruchka, 2011) Not all cultures are so egalitarian however and require more programs or impetus to effect change in their health status. As we look at Europe, two countries which stood out to me were Sweden, a relatively wealthy country, and Slovenia; much poorer and agrarian relative to other European nations.
The first indicator that we are going to explain is the access to health services. This is very important because everybody need to have access to health care in hospitals, primary doctors, specialist, etc. The possibility of having access to any type of care that you need impact in the social, men...
Health and wellness can be affected by many factors. The lack of sufficient health care needs to be addressed; to give Americans, rich or poor, a chance of a healthier lifestyle. The definition of health may never be universally accepted, but every culture deserves equal opportunity to better healthcare. Environments will always have an affect on health, but with proper education, people can be taught more effective ways to live in an environment that can’t sustain a healthy lifestyle. As Americans, it is our responsibility to protect our own, and we should begin with our health care system.
Healthy People 2020 have over 1000 objectives; each objective has a reliable data foundation, a standard measure, and target for particular developments to be realized. While some healthy people 2020 objectives focus on larger issues such as, reducing health inequalities, adopting social elements of health, increasing access to high-quality healthcare, reinforcing public health services, and increasing the accessibility of health-related knowledge. Still, other Healthy People 2020 objectives focus on interventions to diminish diseases, eradicate disability, and prevent early death amongst individuals and societies (Healthy People 2020, 2014).
Health inequalities in any country is an important issue. There are many reasons for inequalities in health, for example, gender and age, economic and social factors.
Health promotion is a multifaceted movement with a core value on respect, empowerment, equity, inclusion and social justice (MacDougall 2002). Aims to achieve holistic health, while it is influenced by medical and social determinants. These determinants which aids to deter...
World Health Organization. (1986, November 21). The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. Retrieved on February 23, 2013, from http://www.who.int/healthpromotion/conferences/previous/ottawa/en/index1.html.
Healthy People 2020 is a program for the promotion of health and the prevention of diseases, launched by the Department of Health and Human Services in December 2010. According to healthypeople.gov, this program has four overarching goals which are first to achieve healthy, longer lives free of preventable diseases, injuries, and premature deaths; to achieve health fairness, eliminate differences, and improve all groups’ health; also to produce social and physical environments that encourage good health; and last but not least to promote life’s quality, healthy development, and healthy behaviors through all life stages. This program has a vision of a community where people live long, healthy lives. Healthy People 2020 offers a comprehensive set of 10 years of nationwide goals and objectives that is meant to improve the health of the American population. Healthy People 2020 covers 42 topic areas with approximately 600 objectives, which include 1,200 measures. A smaller set of Healthy People 2020 objectives, has been designated to communicate high-priority health issues and actions that can be taken to address them, this objectives are called Leading Health Indicators. The program goes above and beyond these health indicators in order to provide the best care for the people of this country. These indictors cover from the access of health service, nutrition, physical activity, and obesity to substance abuse, environmental quality, injury and violence.
The Social Determinants of Health (SDoH) are an array of components, which have an impact on ones health. These determinants include; but are not limited to, culture, biological factors, education, age, gender, etc. The SDoH are responsible for much of the world’s avoidable health inequalities (WHO, 2012). Health inequality is not about having poor health. It involves a variety of aspects including not having access to sufficient healthcare, and living in specific types of environments (Marmot & Wilkinson, 1999).
Not only is it the individuals lifestyle that contributes to their overall health, but it is also things such as their environment that they live and the circumstances they live in (World Health Organization).These are called determinants. When discussing environment pertaining to health, we must take into consideration that this also means the social, economic, physical environment. As stated by Levins and Lopez, “Genes may influence how we relate to our environments, while society can determine the environments that we face..” (p. 270) indiciating that it is not only one factor that determines our health, but many. At a York University Conference held in Toronto in 2002, 14 different social determinants of health were using ranging from Aboriginal status to unemployment, to food insecurity (Mikkonen, Raphael, 2010). There are also factors such as income and social factors, education, genetics, social support networks, health services and even gender that are determinants of health. Something we individuals need to remember is that we cannot blame people for having bad health when some of the determining factors are completely out of their control. I feel that a person 's physical environment are one of the most important determinants of health due to the damage it can do to one if they have a poor environment surrounding them. Where an individual is born and raised is not a choice that people get to
...ce of mortality, education can also be given to them about healthy child development and what to expect when they deliver their child. This can help reduce the amount of children becoming ill. A program such as the one described can have a positive impact and has the potential of saving millions of lives.
...on, race, and political belief, economic or social condition. Improving the poor health of disadvantaged individuals and reducing health gaps is important but not enough to level up health through socioeconomic groups. The objective of tackling health inequalities can be changed to local needs and priorities of a community allowing wide-ranging partnerships of support to be organised. However it needs to be made clear that what can be done to help improve the life chances and health prospects of individuals living in poverty may not come close to bringing their health prospects closer to the average of the rest of the population or prevent the gap living on throughout the generations. Being clear about what is trying to be overcome and achieved needs upmost importance in the development and delivery of policies that will promote health equality across the population.
There are many inequities in this global world; should there be such gross inequities in the health of people around the world? We hear words like health gap, health care inequality and sustainability. What can be done to eliminate the health gap, health care inequities and maintain sustainability? The World Health Organization (WHO) and other organizations, private and public are working towards eliminating these disparities. Healthy People 2020 are one such goal that has achieved considerable progress in attaining sustainability in the pursuit of global health goals (Gostin et al., 2013). The health gap can be minimized through health strategies. Among them are essentials for all in this global world; clean air, water, healthy food and adequate housing with hygienic living conditions. Primary, secondary, tertiary prevention and care services should be available to all who seek health care services.
In addition to health care interventions and a person's surroundings, a number of other factors are known to influence the health status of individuals, including their background, lifestyle, and economic and social conditions. In addition to health care interventions and a person's surroundings, a number of other factors are known to influence the health status of individuals, including their background, lifestyle, and economic and social conditions.
Primary health care is the indispensable care based on the real – world, systematically sound, socially adequate technique and technology which made unanimously available to the families and every individuals in the community through their fully involvement where the community is capable to afford at a cost to uphold at every phase of their growth in the essence of self-reliance and self-government. Primary health care in international health is associated with the global conference held at Alma Ata in 1978; the conference that promoted the initiative health for all by the year 2000. “Primary health care defined broadly at Alma Ata emphasized universal health care across to all individuals and families , encouraged participation by community members in all aspects of health care planning and implementation and promoted the delivery of care that would be scientifically sound , technically effective , socially relevant and acceptable” (Janice E.Hitchcock,2003). Primary health care is commonly viewed as a level of care or as the entry point to the health care system for its client. It can also taken to mean a particular approach to care which is concerned with containing care, accessibility, community involvement and collaboration between other sectors. The primary health care policy has some principals that have been designed to work together and be implemented simultaneously to bring about a better health outcome for the entire society.