A. Describe the stages of sleep. Identify the major sleep disorders.
Using an electroencephalogram, researchers noted four distinct stages of NREM sleep and one stage of REM sleep. As we sleep, we cycle through these stages like a circuit at the gym; spending more time on some machines and less time on others. We spend as much as ninety minutes in NREM stages and as little as ten minutes in REM per circuit.
The stages of NREM sleep can be identified by their characteristic wavelengths, based on brain activity, as seen on the EEG. We use the cycles per second (cps) to categorize the stages. In stage 1, the lightest of sleep stages, we see a wave of 3-7 cps, which is down from the 'drowsy' measurement of 8-12 cps. As we fall deeper into NREM sleep, our brain waves move along at a lower rate of cycles per second. In stage 2, we have tiny bursts of electrical energy, called sleep spindles, raising our brain activity to 12-14 cps. Stages 3 and 4 have us lowered into such deep sleep, our brain activity shows as 1/2-2 cps. This is the deepest of sleep and our breathing has slowed and our heart rate has decreased.
As part of the nightly circuit, after we float through the four stages of NREM sleep, we encounter REM sleep. We spend less time, only about 20 percent, in REM sleep than we do in NREM sleep. The REM phase of sleep is the phase in which we are most likely to dream, and it is therefore the best part of sleeping.
For people with sleep disorders, getting ready for bed is akin to getting ready for battle. They know they are laying down to sleep and at the same time, they don't yet know if it's going to happen properly.
Sleep disorders affect all stages of sleep and are manifested in different ways. Insomnia is the chronic...
... middle of paper ...
...ces, yield any of my privacy, and I certainly wasn't going to be able to sacrifice any of my freedom. (I eventually did all of these things, but much later.)
Erikson's seventh stage is Generativity vs. Stagnation and focuses on the adult midlife phase. This stage is all about giving back...or not. Once we can stop focusing on ourselves and our immediate situation, we can look to our family, our society, and our future generations. Or, we can ignore all of that and just keep on caring about ourselves.
Erikson's final stage is Ego Integrity vs. Despair and focuses on the later adulthood phase. This stage is about looking back at our lives. Did we resolve the previous crisis or did we fail? We try to look back and see how well we did in order to preserve our ego, but if we see that we did horribly or there are things that we could have done much better, we despair.
Before discussing the role of NREM and REM in learning, it is necessary to clarify the identity of and differences between the two. This type of sleep is marked by different stages based on different the different brainwaves exhibited. REM sleep differs from NREM in that most dreams occur during REM sleep although the two activities are not synonymous. REM is also marked by an incre...
Erik Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development consist of eight stages. Stages six, seven, and eight are characterized as young adulthood, adulthood, and old age, in that order. According to John Cavanaugh and Fredda Blachard-Fields (2011), authors of Adult Development and Aging, “During young adulthood, the major developmental task, achieving intimacy versus isolation, involves establishing a fully intimate relationship with another. With the advent of middle age, the focus shifts from intimacy to concern for the next generation, expressed as generativity versus stagnation. Finally, in old age, individuals must resolve the struggle between ego integrity and despair. This last stage begins with a growing awareness of the nearness of the
The four stages of sleep are REM (rapid eye movement sleep), NREM1 (non-rem), NREM2, and NREM3. During the REM stage “your heart rate rises, your breathing becomes rapid and irregular, and every half-minute or so your eyes dart around in momentary burst of activity behind closed lids” (Myers, 2014, p. 96).
In each of the stages are measured person new challenges associated with age (degree of development) and social situations in which it is situated. Erikson described the characteristic "crises" occurring in stages that will be shown are the most viable. This doesn’t mean that later no longer have meaning. It's like all of us strike deal with them shapes our personality. The crisis is understood in this theory as the need to develop new forms of adaptation to the environment and fulfill our needs. The core of each stage is a "fundamental crisis", representing a challenge for the developing ego and being a product of contact with some new aspect of society. However, "fundamental crisis" exists not only during a certain stage. There is in certain stage obviously, but it has its roots in the past and the consequences in the next. In the last stage (integrity vs. despair) after the experience of the previous phases human can “reap the fruits” of his life. Experiencing that his life has a purpose and meaning. Although human knows that others may have different lifestyles, however, follows his own. The opposite of despair when he sees rather a variation of fate, the fragility of life. This reinforces the fear of death. From the clash between despair and integrity, sense and nonsense born wisdom. Erikson describes it as an impartial interest in life itself, in the face of death itself. During this period a person can experience a sense of fullness and communicate them to others, which alleviates the feeling of despair and helplessness that appears at the end of
The last stage of Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development, which I have no personal experience with, is the crisis between integrity and despair. Swartwood (2014, p. 86) states that at this stage individuals “struggle [with] the acceptance of impending death and the fact that our lives are primarily historical, rather than in the future.” When the elderly look back on their lives and realize that they lived their life with purpose, they are filled with a sense of integrity. On the other hand, individuals who fail to view their life in this positive light tend to fall into despair.
Sleep is defined as a period of reduced activity in which an individual’s response to his/her environment is decreased (Healthy Sleep, n.d.) The body undergoes fluctuations in brain wave activity, breathing, heart rate and other functions. These changes occur during two main stages of sleep. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is the stage in which dreaming typically occurs and absorption of newly learned information takes place. The deep restorative sleep known as slow-wave sleep consolidates memories (Healthy Sleep, n.d.) Recent studies have found that some individuals may not experience both stages of sleep. This can contribute to problems in learning, memory and brain restoration.
Eric Erikson was one of the most famous theorists of the twentieth century; he created many theories. One of the most talked about theories is his theory of psychosocial development. This is a theory that describes stages in which an individual should pass as they are going through life. His theory includes nine stages all together. The original theory only included eight stages but Erikson‘s wife found a ninth stage and published it after his death. The nine stages include: trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. identity confusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, integrity vs. despair, and hope and faith vs. despair (Crandell and Crandell, p.35-36)).
Erikson believed that people develop in psychosocial stages. He emphasized developmental change throughout the human life span. In Erikson's theory, eight stages of development result as we go through the life span. Each stage consists of a crisis that must be faced. According to Erikson, this crisis is not a catastrophe but a turning point. The more an individual resolves the crises successfully, the healthier development will be.
Erikson’s last stage of development lasting from sixty-five until death, this is the stage of maturity. This is when older adults begin to look back and feel the sense of accomplishment and fulfillment. This is the stage that helps prepare us for death without fear. Success in Ego Integrity offers a sense of wisdom to the older adult (Jeffrey S. Nevid). Whereas failure leads to bitterness and regret which can lead to anger at oneself and depression (Saul McLeod).
There are five stages of sleep. The first stage is when one prepares to drift off. During this stage, one experiences Alpha and Theta waves. This stage generally lasts five to ten minutes. The second stage lasts about twenty minutes. The brain begins to produce short periods of rhythmic brain waves known as Sleep Spindles. Body temperature begins to drop and the heart rates slows down. During stage three, slow waves
Erik Erikson developed the eight stages of life theory. Erikson’s theory focuses on the development from birth to death, social context, and interpersonal relations during each stage of life (McAdams, 2009). In the same manner, each stage of life is comprehendible in three levels, such as the body, ego, and family and culture. The eight stages of life are infancy (trust vs. mistrust), early childhood (autonomy vs. shame and doubt), childhood (initiative vs. guilt), childhood (industry vs. inferiority), adolescence and young adulthood (identity vs. role confusion), young adulthood (intimacy vs. isolation), mature adulthood (generativity vs. stagnation (or self-absorption)), and old age (ego integrity vs. despair).
Erikson’s Eight Ages of Man is a summary of what Erikson believes to be the eight most essential phase’s man experiences throughout the lifespan. These eight phases include: Basic trust versus mistrust, Autonomy versus shame and doubt, initiative versus guilt, industry versus inferiority, identity versus role confusion, intimacy versus isolation, generativity versus stagnation, and ego integrity versus despair. Erikson defines the stages as being concrete and states that each stage must be achieved for any human being to fully develop the capacity to thrive later in his/her life.
We experience two phases of sleep which repeat themselves every ninety to one hundred and ten minutes, achieving approximately five complete cycles per night. The phases are non- rapi...
Erik Erikson’s eight Stages of man; politically known as the eight stages of psychosocial development. He promotes social interactions as a motivation to personality development. Erickson studied stages from the beginning of the life cycle to the later stages of life. Erickson was trained under the famous Sigmund Freud. His belief was that it wasn’t only sex that motivated personality development. Social interaction and a growing sense of competence is the key to it all. Because his beliefs differed from the beliefs of Freud, Erikson quickly began to work on his own. Erickson has focused on many different eras of psychological development.
Erikson’s stages has given me a chance to examine my life from birth in diverse stages. The channel of life that I have gone through from my early childhood and most parts of my adult life. Erikson’s psychosocial development has helped me to understand the changes as I go through life. Erikson stages is a set of guide to pave my way in to adulthood. I have learn that each stage is a form of representation of a foundational shift of life. Erikson’s psychosocial theory discovers that our development normally proceeds throughout nine developmental stages that have a moral concept of life itself.