The verb to sputter is derived from the Latin word SPUTARE which means to secrete saliva with noise. Sputtering is the collisions of atoms on a surface that results in the discharge of atoms from the surface as a result of bombardments and energy transfer from the incoming particles. This process is most commonly used for thin-film deposition of various materials including metals and ceramics. The occurrence was first explained more than 150 years ago in 1852 by William Robert Grove who described vaporization and film formation of metal films by sputtering. Grove discovered “sputtering” while studying glow discharges. Grove utilized a tip of wire as the coating foundation and sputtered a deposit onto a silver surface that was close to the wire at a pressure around 0.5 Torr (1). He made a note of a coating on the silver surface when the silver surface was the cathode and the wire was the anode in an electrical circuit. . M. Faraday likewise described film deposition by sputtering in 1854. At this time sputtering was an unwanted phenomenon because it destroyed the cathode and grid in the gas discharge tube.
As early as 1585 sputtering was used to create gorgeous metallic mirror. This incident first occurred when Julius Plucker reported platinum film inside of a gas discharge tube creating the first metallic mirror via sputtering(2). Sputtering also found many other applications such as coating fabrics and phonograph wax masters. In Thomas Edison’s 1902 paten on the subject of seed coating his wax cylinder phonograph he used sputtering to deposit gold to create the gold moulded cylinder records to subsequent electroplating(3). Before 1908 it was believed that the deposits were a direct result of evaporation at hot spots on the ...
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...gnetically confined plasma. This method was used to enhance the level of ionization in the plasma but became outdated with the advancement of magnetron sputtering.
Even before Penning’s work it was known that magnetic fields had an effect on the paths of electrons. The duo of electric and magnetic fields amplified the ionization of the plasma near the surface of the target and used magnetic fields that were parallel to the sputtering target surface. Electrons can be confined near the surface in a closed pattern by utilizing magnetic fields that develop and reenter a surface in a closed loop. These magnetic fields can be created with a magnetron source. The surface magnetron sputtering configurations of the 1960s and 1970s were developed by utilizing these confined electrons which create high density plasma near the surface of the substrate.
2. Liang Chi Shen and Jin Au Kong, Applied Electromagnetism, 3rd ed. PWS Publishing Company, 1995.
In the early 1800’s, Italian chemist Luigi Brugnatelli invented the process of electroplating . He used an invention called the Voltaic Pile (originally discovered by Allessandro Volta). The voltaic pile is a machine that provides a steady stream of electricity, the first device of its kind. Brugnatelli described what he did as taking an object and applying electricity to it while taking on the visual characteristics of a specified metal. Potassium Cyanide wasn’t included in this process until four decades later. John Wright is accredited with that processional addition. His process was the first to include an electric current which passed through a tank of water. The official patent for electroplating...
"Production of Refractory Metal Powders," in Powder Metal Technologies and Applications, vol. 7, 1998, pp. 188-201.
Question 1: Thomas Wedgewood made the silver nitrate sun print in the 1790’s, Wedgewood used a chemical coating paper process that had silver nitrate solution which exposes the paper but requires natural light after the picture is ready photogram is being used to help calm the chemical coating. The chemical coating process wasn’t a stable and caused pictures to be dysfunctional.
In addition, Seaborg and his team used the University of California’s Radiation Laboratory’s Cyclotron to perform the experiment once the samples had been prepared. The machine functions by attracting and repelling charged samples (ions) towards and away from the outer walls of the machine, to induce a spiral effect on the sample. When the sample speeds up, and moves farther towards the outside of the chamber, collides at high speed with a detector, and at that instant has proton(s) removed from the sample creating the new element (American Institute of Physics,
...Hallert, C., C. Grant, S. Grehn, C. Grannot, S. Hultent, G. Midhagens M. Strom, H. Svensson,
Wisniewski, A. B., Migeon, C. J., Meyer-Bahlburg, H. F. L., Gearhart, J. P., Berkovitz, G.
George Gamow, Ralph Alpher, Robert Hermen. "The Origin of Chemical Elements." [Online] 1 April 1948. .
First, a rabbits fur or cotton cloth was rubbed over a metal plate that was coated with sulfur. This rubbing charged the plate with static energy. Then the charged plate was placed beneath a piece of glass where from above the material to be copied was inked. Then the metal plate and glass were exposed to a bright source of light for a couple seconds. The success of the whole process depended on if the light source lost the sulfur coatings charge. If the process this far worked than the very intense light produced emplaced an image on the material that was being copied. The image was invisible until dusting some electroscopic powder onto the metal palate which attracted the areas where the light might not of fully reached. Also to make the powdered image permanent, a piece of wax coated paper was pressed over the metal plate, and thus the copier
MTC ONLINE, " Reports of Current Experimentation with Microwave and EM Weapons," <http://www.heart7.net/mcf/1.html> (10 August 2003)
Smith, B.J.; Huang, K.; Kong, G.; Chan, S.J.; Nakagawa, S.; Menting, J.G.; Hu, S.; Whittaker, J.;
In this experiment a Thomson tube can be used to measure the deflection of electrons in magnetic and electric fields. A Thomson tube is a cathode ray tube which contains an electron gun and a florescent screen. The florescent screen illuminated when the electron gun was turned on and from this the trajectory of the electrons can be measured. By applying a known voltage for both the electric and magnetic fields the charge of the electron c...
In essence, you take a ferrous object (the projectile) and place it at one end of a hollow solenoid. When electricity is applied to the coils inside the solenoid, a magnetic field is generated which pulls the projectile towards the center of the coils. As the projectile reaches the center and continues, the magnetic pull decreases and eventually reverses. Before this happens, you need to either shut off the field, or reverse it. This will allow the particle to continue out the opposite side of the solenoid and beyond, thus being a "gun".
This review pertains to the planned change of a 1909 law in Palmyra, New York, which bills itself, “one of the friendliest spots on Earth” that forbids public spitting. The change in city code would increase the possible fine for those convicted of this offense from $2 to $50 currently, to $250 and adding jail time of up to 15 days to the sentence.